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rest heavily upon them

  • 1 premo

    prĕmo, essi, essum, 3, v. a. [etym. dub.; cf. prelum], to press (class.).
    I.
    Lit.:

    pede pedem alicui premere,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 30:

    et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos,

    Verg. A. 7, 518:

    veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit humi nitens,

    id. ib. 2, 379:

    novercae Monstra manu premens,

    id. ib. 8, 288:

    pressit et inductis membra paterna rotis,

    i. e. drove her chariot over her father's body, Ov. Ib. 366:

    trabes Hymettiae Premunt columnas,

    press, rest heavily upon them, Hor. C. 2, 18, 3:

    premere terga genu alicujus,

    Ov. Am. 3, 2, 24:

    ubera plena,

    i. e. to milk, id. F. 4, 769:

    vestigia alicujus,

    to tread in, to follow one's footsteps, Tac. A. 2, 14:

    nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,

    Juv. 1, 43:

    dente frena,

    to bite, to champ, Ov. M. 10, 704:

    ore aliquid,

    to chew, eat, id. ib. 5, 538; cf.:

    aliquid morsu,

    Lucr. 3, 663:

    presso molari,

    with compressed teeth, Juv. 5, 160:

    pressum lac,

    i. e. cheese, Verg. E. 1, 82.—In mal. part.:

    Hister Peucen premerat Antro,

    forced, Val. Fl. 8, 256:

    uxorem,

    Suet. Calig. 25.—Of animals:

    feminas premunt galli,

    Mart. 3, 57, 17.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    Poet., to bear down upon, to touch:

    premere litora,

    Ov. M. 14, 416:

    litus,

    to keep close to the shore, Hor. C. 2, 10, 3:

    aëra,

    i. e. to fly, Luc. 7, 835.—
    2.
    Poet., to hold fast, hold, firmly grasp:

    premere frena manu,

    Ov. M. 8, 37:

    ferrum,

    to grasp, Sil. 5, 670:

    capulum,

    id. 2, 615.—
    3.
    Poet., to press a place with one's body, i. e. to sit, stand, lie, fall, or seat one's self on any thing:

    toros,

    Ov. H. 12, 30:

    sedilia,

    id. M. 5, 317:

    hoc quod premis habeto,

    id. ib. 5, 135:

    et pictam positā pharetram cervice premebat,

    id. ib. 2, 421:

    humum,

    to lie on the ground, id. Am. 3, 5, 16; cf. id. F. 4, 844:

    frondes tuo premis ore caducas,

    id. M. 9, 650; Sen. Hippol. 510.—
    4.
    To cover, to conceal by covering (mostly poet.):

    aliquid terrā,

    to conceal, bury in the earth, Hor. Epod. 1, 33:

    nonumque prematur in annum,

    kept back, suppressed, id. A. P. 388:

    omne lucrum tenebris alta premebat humus,

    Ov. Am. 3, 8, 36:

    ossa male pressa,

    i. e. buried, id. Tr. 5, 3, 39; Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191; hence, to crown, to cover or adorn with any thing:

    ut premerer sacrā lauro,

    Hor. C. 3, 4, 18:

    molli Fronde crinem,

    Verg. A. 4, 147:

    canitiem galeā,

    id. ib. 9, 612:

    mitrā capillos,

    Ov. F. 4, 517; cf. Verg. A. 5, 556.—
    5.
    To make, form, or shape any thing by pressing ( poet.):

    quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis, Nocte premunt,

    they make into cheese, Verg. G. 3, 400:

    os fingit premendo,

    id. A. 6, 80:

    caseos,

    id. E. 1, 35:

    mollem terram,

    Vulg. Sap. 15, 7; Calp. Ecl. 5, 34.—
    6.
    To press hard upon, bear down upon, to crowd, pursue closely:

    hostes de loco superiore,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

    Pompeiani nostros premere et instare coeperunt,

    id. B. C. 3, 46:

    hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus,

    Verg. A. 1, 467:

    Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius,

    Nep. Hann. 11, 5:

    hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis,

    Verg. A. 8, 473:

    obsidione urbem,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 32.—Of the pursuit or chase of animals:

    ad retia cervum,

    Verg. G. 3, 413:

    spumantis apri cursum clamore,

    id. A. 1, 324:

    bestias venatione,

    Isid. 10, 282.—
    7.
    To press down, burden, load, freight:

    nescia quem premeret,

    on whose back she sat, Ov. M. 2, 869:

    tergum equi,

    id. ib. 8, 34;

    14, 343: et natat exuviis Graecia pressa suis,

    Prop. 4, 1, 114 (5, 1, 116):

    pressae carinae,

    Verg. G. 1, 303:

    pressus membra mero,

    Prop. 2, 12 (3, 7), 42:

    magno et gravi onere armorum pressi,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

    auro phaleras,

    to adorn, Stat. Th. 8, 567.—
    8.
    To press into, force in, press upon:

    (caprum) dentes in vite prementem,

    Ov. F. 1, 355:

    presso sub vomere,

    Verg. G. 2, 356; cf.:

    presso aratro,

    Tib. 4, 1, 161:

    alte ensem in corpore,

    Stat. Th. 11, 542:

    et nitidas presso pollice finge comas,

    Prop. 3, 8 (4, 9), 14:

    et cubito remanete presso,

    leaning upon, Hor. C. 1, 27, 8. —
    b.
    To make with any thing ( poet.):

    aeternā notā,

    Ov. F. 6, 610:

    littera articulo pressa tremente,

    id. H. 10, 140:

    multā via pressa rotā,

    id. ib. 18, 134.—
    9.
    To press down, let down, cause to sink down, to lower:

    nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera currum,

    Ov. M. 2, 135:

    humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem, Et premit,

    id. Tr. 3, 11, 67:

    mundus ut ad Scythiam Rhiphaeasque arduus arces Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in Austros,

    sinks down, Verg. G. 1, 240; Sen. Herc. Fur. 155. —
    b.
    In partic.
    (α).
    To set, plant:

    virgulta per agros,

    Verg. G. 2, 346; 26.—
    (β).
    To make or form by pressing down, to make any thing deep, to dig:

    vestigio leviter presso,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53; cf.

    (trop.): vestigia non pressa leviter, sed fixa,

    id. Sest. 5, 13:

    sulcum premere,

    to draw a furrow, Verg. A. 10, 296:

    fossam transversam, inter montes pressit (al. percussit),

    Front. Strat. 1, 5:

    fossa pressa,

    Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 4:

    cavernae in altitudinem pressae,

    Curt. 5, 1, 28.—
    (γ).
    To strike to the ground, to strike down:

    tres famulos,

    Verg. A. 9, 329:

    paucos,

    Tac. H. 4, 2.—
    10.
    To press closely, compress, press together, close:

    oculos,

    Verg. A. 9, 487:

    alicui fauces,

    Ov. M. 12, 509:

    laqueo collum,

    to strangle, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 37:

    angebar ceu guttura forcipe pressus,

    Ov. M. 9, 78:

    presso gutture,

    compressed, Verg. G. 1, 410; cf.:

    siquidem unius praecordia pressit ille (boletus) senis,

    i. e. stopped his breath, Juv. 6, 621:

    quibus illa premetur Per somnum digitis,

    choked, id. 14, 221:

    amplexu presso,

    united, in close embrace, Sen. Oedip. 192:

    oscula jungere pressa,

    to exchange kisses, Ov. H. 2, 94; so,

    pressa basia,

    Mart. 6, 34, 1:

    presso gradu incedere,

    in close ranks, foot to foot, Liv. 28, 14:

    pede presso,

    id. 8, 8.—
    b.
    In partic.
    (α).
    To shorten, tighten, draw in:

    pressis habenis,

    Verg. A. 11, 600 (cf.:

    laxas dure habenas,

    id. ib. 1, 63).—
    (β).
    To keep short, prune:

    Calenā falce vitem,

    Hor. C. 1, 31, 9:

    luxuriem falce,

    Ov. M. 14, 628:

    falce premes umbras (i. e. arbores umbrantes),

    Verg. G. 1, 157; 4, 131:

    molle salictum,

    Calp. Ecl. 5, 110.—
    (γ).
    To check, arrest, stop:

    premere sanguinem,

    Tac. A. 15, 64:

    vestigia pressit,

    Verg. A. 6, 197:

    attoniti pressere gradum,

    Val. Fl. 2, 424 ' dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore, was silent, Verg. A. 6, 155.—
    11.
    To press out, bring out by pressure:

    tenerā sucos pressere medullā,

    Luc. 4, 318; cf.: (equus) collectumque fremens volvit sub naribus ignem, Verg. ap. Sen. Ep. 95, 68, and id. G. 3, 85 Rib.—
    12.
    To frequent: feci ut cotidie praesentem me viderent, habitavi in [p. 1441] oculis, pressi forum, Cic. Planc. 27, 66.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    To press, press upon, oppress, overwhelm, weigh down; to urge, drive, importune, pursue, to press close or hard, etc. (class.):

    ego istum pro suis factis pessumis pessum premam,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 49 Lorenz ad loc.:

    quae necessitas eum tanta premebat, ut, etc.,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97:

    ea, quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant,

    id. Fam. 9, 1, 2:

    aerumnae, quae me premunt,

    Sall. J. 14, 22:

    pressus gravitate soporis,

    bound by heavy, deep sleep, Ov. M. 15, 21:

    cum aut aere alieno, aut magnitudine tributorum, aut injuriā potentium premuntur,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 13:

    invidia et odio populi premi,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

    premi periculis,

    id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

    cum a me premeretur,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139; cf.:

    aliquem verbo,

    id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:

    criminibus veris premere aliquem,

    Ov. M. 14, 401:

    cum a plerisque ad exeundum premeretur, exire noluit,

    was pressed, urged, importuned, Nep. Ages. 6, 1:

    a Pompeii procuratoribus sescentis premi coeptus est,

    Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3: numina nulla premunt;

    mortali urgemur ab hoste,

    Verg. A. 10, 375:

    premere reum voce, vultu,

    Tac. A. 3, 67:

    crimen,

    to pursue obstinately, Quint. 7, 2, 12:

    confessionem,

    to force a confession from one, id. 7, 1, 29:

    argumentum etiam atque etiam,

    to pursue steadily, Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

    ancipiti mentem formidine pressus,

    Verg. A. 3, 47:

    maerore pressa,

    Sen. Oct. 103:

    veritate pressus negare non potuit,

    overcome, overpowered, Lact. 4, 13.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To repress, hide, conceal (mostly poet.):

    dum nocte premuntur,

    Verg. A. 6, 827:

    curam sub corde,

    id. ib. 4, 332:

    odium,

    Plin. Pan. 62:

    iram,

    Tac. A. 6, 50:

    pavorem et consternationem mentis vultu,

    id. ib. 13, 16:

    interius omne secretum,

    Sen. Ep. 3, 4:

    dolorem silentio,

    Val. Max. 3, 3, 1 ext.; cf. silentia, Sil. 12, 646:

    aliquid ore,

    Verg. A. 7, 103:

    jam te premet nox,

    Hor. C. 1, 4, 16.—
    2.
    To lower, diminish, undervalue, disparage, depreciate:

    premendorum superiorum arte sese extollebat,

    Liv. 22, 12:

    arma Latini,

    Verg. A. 11, 402:

    opuscula ( = deprimere atque elevare),

    Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 36:

    famam alicujus,

    Tac. A. 15, 49:

    premere ac despicere,

    Quint. 11, 1, 16:

    premere tumentia, humilia extollere,

    id. ib. 10, 4, 1.—
    b.
    To surpass, exceed:

    facta premant annos,

    Ov. M. 7, 449:

    ne prisca vetustas Laude pudicitiae saecula nostra premat,

    id. P. 3, 1, 116:

    quantum Latonia Nymphas Virgo premit,

    Stat. S. 1, 2, 115.—
    c.
    To rule ( poet.):

    dicione premere populos,

    Verg. A. 7, 737:

    imperio,

    id. ib. 1, 54:

    Mycenas Servitio premet,

    id. ib. 1, 285.—
    3.
    To suppress, pull down, humble, degrade:

    quae (vocabula) nunc situs premit,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 118:

    nec premendo alium me extulisse velim,

    Liv. 22, 59, 10; cf. id. 39, 41, 1:

    premebat reum crimen,

    id. 3, 13, 1.—
    4.
    To compress, abridge, condense:

    haec enim, quae dilatantur a nobis, Zeno sic premebat,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20.—
    5.
    To check, arrest, repress, restrain:

    cursum ingenii tui, Brute, premit haec importuna clades civitatis,

    Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

    sub imo Corde gemitum,

    Verg. A. 10, 464:

    vocem,

    to be silent, id. ib. 9, 324:

    sermones vulgi,

    to restrain, Tac. A. 3, 6.—
    6.
    To store up, lay up in the mind, muse upon:

    (vocem) ab ore Eripuit pater ac stupefactus numine pressit,

    Verg. A. 7, 119.—Hence, pressus, a, um, P. a.
    I.
    Moderate, slow, suppressed, kept down.
    A.
    Lit.:

    presso pede eos retro cedentes principes recipiebant,

    Liv. 8, 8, 9:

    presso gradu,

    id. 28, 14, 14; cf.:

    pressoque legit vestigia gressu,

    Ov. M. 3, 17.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    Of the voice or manner, subdued:

    haec cum pressis et flebilibus modis, qui totis theatris maestitiam inferant,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106.—
    2.
    Of color, lowered, depressed; hence, dark, gloomy:

    color pressus,

    Pall. 4, 13, 4:

    color viridi pressior,

    Plin. 35, 6, 13, § 32:

    spadices pressi,

    Serv. Verg. G. 3, 82.—
    II.
    Esp., of an orator or of speech.
    A.
    Compressed, concise, plain, without ornament (class.):

    fiunt pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, etc.,

    Quint. 10, 2, 16:

    cum Attici pressi et integri, contra Asiani inflati et inanes haberentur,

    id. 12, 10, 18.—Of style:

    pressa et tenuia, et quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedant,

    Quint. 10, 1, 102:

    pressus et demissus stilus,

    Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 5; Quint. 4, 2, 117.— Comp.: in concionibus pressior, et circumscriptior, et adductior, more moderate, keeping more within bounds, Plin. Ep. 1, 16, 4.—
    B.
    Close, exact, accurate:

    Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus, ut,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56: quis te fuit umquam in partiundis rebus pressior? more exact, more accurate, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 364, 24:

    sicuti taxare pressius crebriusque est, quam tangere,

    Gell. 2, 6, 5:

    quod (periculum) observandum pressiore cautelā censeo,

    stricter, greater, App. M. 5, p. 160, 36:

    cogitationes pressiores,

    id. ib. 5, p. 163, 32.—So of sounds, precise, intelligible:

    (lingua) vocem profusam fingit atque sonos vocis distinctos et pressos facit,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149.—Hence, adv.: pressē, with pressure, violently (class.): artius pressiusque conflictata, Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 10, 6, 2.—
    B.
    Closely, tightly.
    1.
    Lit.:

    vites pressius putare,

    Pall. 12, 9:

    pressius colla radere,

    Veg. Vet. 1, 56.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of pronunciation, shortly, neatly, trimly:

    loqui non aspere, non vaste, non rustice, sed presse, et aequabiliter, et leniter,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; id. Off. 1, 37, 133.—
    b.
    Of the mode of expression, etc., concisely, not diffusely:

    definire presse et anguste,

    Cic. Or. 33, 117:

    abundanter dicere, an presse,

    Quint. 8, 3, 40:

    pressius et astrictius scripsi,

    Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 10.—
    (β).
    Without ornament, simply:

    unum (genus oratorum) attenuate presseque, alterum sublate ampleque dicentium,

    Cic. Brut. 55, 202:

    aliquid describere modo pressius, modo elatius,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 3.—
    (γ).
    Closely, exactly, correctly, accurately:

    mihi placet agi subtilius, et pressius,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24:

    definiunt pressius,

    id. Tusc. 4, 7, 14:

    anquisitius, et exactius pressiusque disserere,

    Gell. 1, 3, 21.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > premo

  • 2 תקף

    תָּקַף(b. h.; קפף, cmp. תָּכַף) 1) to seize, overpower. Yeb.54a ותְקָפַתּוֹ יבמתו (not ותקפתה) and his sister-in-law seized (forced) him. Ib. תְּקָפוּהוּ נכריםוכ׳ gentiles seized him, and coupled them. B. Mets.6a תְּקָפָהּ אחד בפנינו if one (of the two litigants) seized it (the object in dispute) in the presence of the court, Ib. b תְּקָפוֹ כהן if a priest seized it (the lamb of doubtful first birth). Ab. Zar.23a יצרו תוֹקְפוֹ his passion overpowers him. Midr. Till. to Ps. 19:14 (ref. to איתם ib., with play on איתן) אלו תוֹקְפֵי עבירות this refers to those who conquer sin; a. fr. 2) (with על) to rest heavily upon, be hard. Ab. III, 8 תָּקְפָה עליו משנתו if his study was too hard for him (and therefore he forgot again what he had learned); Men.99b; a. e.

    Jewish literature > תקף

  • 3 תָּקַף

    תָּקַף(b. h.; קפף, cmp. תָּכַף) 1) to seize, overpower. Yeb.54a ותְקָפַתּוֹ יבמתו (not ותקפתה) and his sister-in-law seized (forced) him. Ib. תְּקָפוּהוּ נכריםוכ׳ gentiles seized him, and coupled them. B. Mets.6a תְּקָפָהּ אחד בפנינו if one (of the two litigants) seized it (the object in dispute) in the presence of the court, Ib. b תְּקָפוֹ כהן if a priest seized it (the lamb of doubtful first birth). Ab. Zar.23a יצרו תוֹקְפוֹ his passion overpowers him. Midr. Till. to Ps. 19:14 (ref. to איתם ib., with play on איתן) אלו תוֹקְפֵי עבירות this refers to those who conquer sin; a. fr. 2) (with על) to rest heavily upon, be hard. Ab. III, 8 תָּקְפָה עליו משנתו if his study was too hard for him (and therefore he forgot again what he had learned); Men.99b; a. e.

    Jewish literature > תָּקַף

  • 4 apoyar

    v.
    1 to lean, to rest.
    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro rest your head on my shoulder
    apoyó la bicicleta contra la pared she leant the bicycle against the wall
    Ricardo apoya su cabeza sobre la silla Richard leans his head on the chair.
    2 to support.
    lo apoyó mucho durante su depresión she gave him a lot of support when he was depressed
    3 to back up, to stand up for, to advocate, to endorse.
    Ella apoya los proyectos ecológicos She backs up ecological projects.
    4 to prop, to uphold, to backstop.
    Ella apoyó las vigas en la pared She propped the beams on the wall.
    * * *
    1 to lean, rest
    2 (fundar) to base, found
    3 figurado (defender algo) to support; (defender a alguien) to back, support
    1 (descansar) to lean (en, on), rest (en, on), stand (en, on)
    2 (dar el brazo) to hold on (en, to)
    3 figurado (basarse) to be based (en, on)
    ■ ¿en qué te apoyas para decir eso? what do you base your arguments on?
    * * *
    verb
    1) to support, back
    2) rest, lean
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=reclinar) to rest, lean

    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro — rest o lean your head on my shoulder

    no apoyes los codos en la mesa — don't put o lean your elbows on the table

    2) (=ayudar) to support
    3) (=basar) to base
    4) (=secundar) [+ propuesta, idea] to support
    5) (Arquit, Téc) to support
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( hacer descansar) to rest

    apóyalo contra la pared — lean o rest it against the wall

    2)
    a) ( respaldar) <propuesta/persona> to back, support

    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa — no one backed o supported her initiative

    b) < teoría> to support, bear out
    2.
    apoyarse v pron
    1) (para sostenerse, descansar)
    2) (basarse, fundarse)

    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer tal acusación? — what are you basing your accusation on?

    * * *
    = back, boost, endorse, espouse, give + support, give + weight to, lend + weight to, offer + support, support, sustain, align + Reflexivo + with, prop, buttress, lend + support, undergird, bolster, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, buy into, shore up, back into, second, ditto, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, plump for, forward, back + Nombre + up.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex. The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex. They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex. I have many people to acknowledge, beginning with my co-editor who offered untiring support and many useful suggestions in putting together the institutes.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. This article argues that fiction is an area of stock development which would readily achieve the goals of development with which public librarians have aligned themselves.
    Ex. The type cases were propped up for use on a timber frame at a convenient working height.
    Ex. Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex. The librarian who lends support to those who criticize the organization which employs him is likely also to find his position difficult.
    Ex. Both libraries sought to undergird their partnership essential to a central role in collegiate education.
    Ex. Bibliometric studies used to bolster the subjective opinions of librarians are not always useful for specialized areas.
    Ex. Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex. The vendor, like the academic librarian it services, it must buy into the mission of the academic institution.
    Ex. This project seeks to return control of scholarly publications to the academy and to shore up the case for publication of genuine scholarly works.
    Ex. To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex. Most of the proposals for establishing gender studies were seconded.
    Ex. I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex. It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex. I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex. The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex. There is some discussion as to what RSS stands for, but the majority plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
    Ex. In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.
    Ex. Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    ----
    * apoyar Algo completamente = put + Posesivo + muscle behind + Nombre.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * apoyar en = lean against.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * apoyar + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * apoyarse en = lean on/upon, inform.
    * apoyarse sobre = rest on/upon.
    * apoyar una causa = forward + cause, support + cause.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * apoyar una opinión = support + contention.
    * apoyar un argumento = support + contention.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.
    * que apoya moralmente = supportive.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( hacer descansar) to rest

    apóyalo contra la pared — lean o rest it against the wall

    2)
    a) ( respaldar) <propuesta/persona> to back, support

    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa — no one backed o supported her initiative

    b) < teoría> to support, bear out
    2.
    apoyarse v pron
    1) (para sostenerse, descansar)
    2) (basarse, fundarse)

    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer tal acusación? — what are you basing your accusation on?

    * * *
    = back, boost, endorse, espouse, give + support, give + weight to, lend + weight to, offer + support, support, sustain, align + Reflexivo + with, prop, buttress, lend + support, undergird, bolster, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, buy into, shore up, back into, second, ditto, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, plump for, forward, back + Nombre + up.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex: The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex: They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex: I have many people to acknowledge, beginning with my co-editor who offered untiring support and many useful suggestions in putting together the institutes.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: This article argues that fiction is an area of stock development which would readily achieve the goals of development with which public librarians have aligned themselves.
    Ex: The type cases were propped up for use on a timber frame at a convenient working height.
    Ex: Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex: The librarian who lends support to those who criticize the organization which employs him is likely also to find his position difficult.
    Ex: Both libraries sought to undergird their partnership essential to a central role in collegiate education.
    Ex: Bibliometric studies used to bolster the subjective opinions of librarians are not always useful for specialized areas.
    Ex: Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex: The vendor, like the academic librarian it services, it must buy into the mission of the academic institution.
    Ex: This project seeks to return control of scholarly publications to the academy and to shore up the case for publication of genuine scholarly works.
    Ex: To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex: Most of the proposals for establishing gender studies were seconded.
    Ex: I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex: It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex: I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex: The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex: There is some discussion as to what RSS stands for, but the majority plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
    Ex: In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.
    Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    * apoyar Algo completamente = put + Posesivo + muscle behind + Nombre.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * apoyar en = lean against.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * apoyar + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * apoyarse en = lean on/upon, inform.
    * apoyarse sobre = rest on/upon.
    * apoyar una causa = forward + cause, support + cause.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * apoyar una opinión = support + contention.
    * apoyar un argumento = support + contention.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.
    * que apoya moralmente = supportive.

    * * *
    apoyar [A1 ]
    vt
    apoya la escalera contra la pared lean o rest the ladder against the wall
    con la cabeza apoyada en su hombro with her head resting on his shoulder
    no se debe apoyar los codos sobre la mesa you mustn't put o rest your elbows on the table
    hay que apoyar todo el peso del cuerpo sobre una pierna you have to put all your weight on one foot
    B
    1 (respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona› to back, support
    ¿me vas a apoyar si me quejo? are you going to back me (up) o support me if I complain?
    no apoyamos la huelga we do not support the strike
    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa no one backed o supported her initiative
    apoyar técnica y financieramente su desarrollo to give technical and financial support o backing for its development
    2 ‹teoría› to support, bear out
    no hay pruebas que apoyen esta hipótesis there is no evidence to bear out o support this hypothesis
    A (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyarse EN algo to lean ON sth
    caminaba lentamente apoyándose en un bastón she walked slowly, leaning on a walking stick o using a walking stick for support
    se apoya demasiado en su familia he relies too much on his family (for support), he leans too heavily on his family
    B (basarse, fundarse) apoyarse EN algo to be based ON sth
    se apoyó en estas cifras para defender su teoría he used these figures to defend his theory
    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer semejante acusación? what are you basing your accusation on?, what is the basis of your accusation?
    * * *

     

    apoyar ( conjugate apoyar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( hacer descansar) apoyar (algo en algo) to rest (sth on sth);

    2
    a) ( respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona› to back, support


    apoyarse verbo pronominal
    1 (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyarse en algo to lean on sth
    2 (basarse, fundarse) apoyarse en algo to be based on sth
    apoyar verbo transitivo
    1 to lean
    2 (causa) to support
    ' apoyar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    refrendar
    - agarrar
    - ir
    - recostar
    - respaldar
    - sostener
    English:
    advocate
    - back
    - back up
    - bolster
    - buttress
    - champion
    - endorse
    - lean
    - prop
    - prop up
    - reinforce
    - rest
    - root for
    - stand by
    - support
    - root
    - sponsor
    - stand
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [inclinar] to lean, to rest;
    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro rest your head on my shoulder;
    apoyó la bicicleta contra la pared she leant the bicycle against the wall;
    apoyó los codos sobre la mesa he leant his elbows on the table
    2. [respaldar] to support;
    todos apoyaron su decisión everyone supported her decision;
    lo apoyó mucho durante su depresión she gave him a lot of support when he was depressed;
    los directivos los apoyaron en su protesta management supported their protest
    3. [basar] to base;
    apoya su teoría en datos concretos her theory is based on o supported by concrete statistics
    * * *
    v/t
    1 lean (en against), rest (en against)
    2 ( respaldar, confirmar) support
    * * *
    apoyar vt
    1) : to support, to back
    2) : to lean, to rest
    * * *
    apoyar vb
    1. (en general) to lean [pt. & pp. leant]
    2. (descansar) to rest
    3. (defender) to support

    Spanish-English dictionary > apoyar

  • 5 set

    I [set] n
    1. 1) комплект, набор; коллекция

    in sets - в комплектах, в наборах

    a set of surgical instruments [of weights] - набор хирургических инструментов [гирь]

    a set of exchange - ком. комплект экземпляров переводного векселя

    a set of teeth - а) зубы, ряд зубов; б) вставные зубы, вставная челюсть

    a set of sails - мор. комплект парусов

    well-chosen [valuable] set - хорошо подобранная [ценная] коллекция

    2) сервиз
    3) гарнитур
    4) прибор

    toilet /dressing-table/ set - туалетный прибор

    writing /desk/ set - письменный прибор

    5) (полный) комплект издания

    a set of Pravda - комплект «Правды»

    2. 1) серия, ряд

    a set of assumptions - ряд допущений /предположений/

    2) совокупность
    3. 1) группа ( лиц); состав

    a poor set of players - плохая команда, плохие игроки

    four sets of dancers /partners/ - четыре пары танцоров

    a new set of customers - новый круг покупателей /клиентов/

    2) набор, состав (учащихся, студентов и т. п.)
    3) компания, круг

    the political [the literary] set - политические [литературные] круги

    the smart /the fashionable/ set - а) законодатели мод; б) фешенебельное общество

    gambling set - картёжники, завсегдатаи игорных домов

    he belonged to the best set in the college - в колледже он принадлежал к числу избранных

    he is not in their set, he does not belong to their set - он не принадлежит к их кругу [см. тж. 4)]

    4) банда, шайка

    he is not in their set, he does not belong to their set - он не из их шайки [см. тж. 3)]

    4. 1) театр., кино декорация

    set designer - художник по декорациям; художник кинофильма

    set dresser - кино декоратор

    2) кино съёмочная площадка
    5. спец. прибор, аппарат; установка, агрегат
    6. приёмник
    7. фигура ( в танце); последовательность фигур

    we danced three or four sets of quadrilles - мы протанцевали три или четыре кадрили

    8. завивка и укладка волос
    9. сюита духовной музыки (месса и т. п.)
    10. редк. меблированная квартира
    11. дор. брусчатка, каменная шашка
    12. спорт.
    1) партия ( часть матча)
    2) сет ( теннис)
    13. спорт. расстановка игроков
    14. геол. свита ( пород)
    15. горн. оклад крепи
    16. мат. множество
    17. мат. семейство ( кривых)
    18. полигр. гарнитура шрифта
    19. полигр. набор
    20. карт. недобор взяток ( бридж)
    II
    1. [set] n
    1. тк. sing общие очертания, линия

    the set of his back [of his shoulders] - линия спины [плеч]

    the set of the hills - линия /очертание/ гор

    2. строение; конфигурация; (тело)сложение

    the set of smb.'s head - посадка головы

    3. тк. sing
    1) направление

    the set of a tide [of a current, of wind] - направление прилива [течения реки, ветра]

    2) направленность; тенденция

    the set of public opinion /of public feeling/ - тенденция общественного мнения

    a set towards mathematics - склонность к математике; математический склад ума

    3) психол. направленность, установка ( на принятие наркотика)
    4) наклон, отклонение

    a set to the right - отклонение /наклон/ вправо

    4. тк. sing поэт. заход, закат ( солнца)
    5. музыкальный вечер (особ. джазовой музыки)
    6. сад. молодой побег ( растения); завязь ( плода)
    7. с.-х.
    1) = set onion
    2) посадочный материал (клубни картофеля и т. п.)
    8. охот. стойка
    9. тех. разводка для пил, развод зубьев пилы, ширина развода
    10. стр. осадка ( сооружений)
    11. тех. остаточная деформация
    12. тех. обжимка, державка
    13. полигр. толщина ( литеры)

    ♢ to be at a dead set - завязнуть, застрять

    to make a dead set at smb. - а) обрушиваться /нападать/ на кого-л.; резко критиковать кого-л.; ≅ вцепиться в кого-л. зубами и когтями; б) делать всё возможное, чтобы завоевать кого-л. /завоевать чью-л. любовь, дружбу, доверие и т. п./; в) вешаться кому-л. на шею, навязывать свою любовь, пытаться влюбить в себя (обыкн. о женщине); г) охот. делать стойку ( о собаке)

    2. [set] a
    1. неподвижный; застывший

    with a set face /countenance/ - с каменным лицом

    2. 1) определённый, твёрдо установленный, постоянный

    set wage - твёрдый оклад, постоянная заработная плата

    the hall holds a set number of people - зал вмещает определённое количество людей

    2) неизменный, постоянный; незыблемый

    set programme - постоянная /неизменная/ программа

    to dine at a set hour - обедать в определённые часы /в одно и то же время/ [ср. тж. 4]

    to be set in one's ways [ideas] - никогда не изменять своим привычкам [взглядам]

    3) шаблонный; стереотипный

    in set terms /phrases/ - в шаблонных /избитых/ выражениях, казённым /официальным/ языком

    3. установленный (законом, традицией)
    4. заранее установленный, оговорённый

    at set hours - в установленные часы [ср. тж. 2, 2)]

    set subject - обязательная тема (для сочинения и т. п.)

    set visit - визит ( официального лица) по предварительной договорённости

    5. упрямый, настойчивый; упорный

    set rains - непрекращающиеся /упорные/ дожди

    a man of set opinions - человек, упорно придерживающийся /не меняющий/ своих взглядов

    his jaw looked too square and set - ≅ его лицо выражало упрямство

    6. умышленный, преднамеренный

    on set purpose - уст. нарочно

    7. разг. готовый, горящий желанием (сделать что-л.)

    all set - шутл. ≅ в полной боевой готовности

    all set to do smth. - горящий желанием сделать что-л.

    we were set for an early morning start - мы подготовились к тому, чтобы выступить рано утром

    is everyone set? - все готовы?

    8. встроенный, прикреплённый

    ♢ set affair - вечеринка с очень хорошим угощением

    set dinner - а) званый обед; б) обед за общим столом ( в ресторане); в) общий обед, не включающий порционные блюда ( в ресторане)

    to be hard set - находиться в затруднительном положении /в стеснённых обстоятельствах/

    to be sharp set - быть голодным, проголодаться

    to get set - толстеть, терять стройность

    3. [set] v (set)
    I
    1. 1) ставить, помещать, класть; положить, поставить

    to set a cup [a glass, a dish] (down) on the table - (по)ставить чашку [стакан, блюдо] на стол

    to set smth. in its place again - поставить /положить/ что-л. на своё место

    to set a chair at /by/ the table - поставить стул около стола /к столу/

    to set chairs for visitors - (по)ставить /расставить/ стулья для гостей

    to set one's hand on smb.'s shoulder - класть /положить/ руку на чьё-л. плечо

    to set a trap /snare/ - поставить силки

    to set an ambush - воен. устроить засаду

    to set a crown on smb.'s head - возложить корону на чью-л. голову

    to set smb. on a pedestal - возвести кого-л. на пьедестал

    he took off his hat and set it on the floor - он снял шляпу и положил её на пол

    2) ставить на какое-л. место; придавать ( то или иное) значение

    to set Vergil before Homer - ставить /считать/ Вергилия выше Гомера

    to set smb. among the great writers - считать кого-л. одним из великих писателей

    to set smb., smth. at naught - а) ни во что не ставить, презирать кого-л., что-л.; to set smb.'s good advice at naught - пренебречь чьим-л. разумным советом; б) издеваться над кем-л., чем-л.

    to set much /a great deal/ on smth. - придавать чему-л. большое значение

    he sets a great deal by daily exercise - он придаёт большое значение ежедневным упражнениям

    to set little on smth. - придавать чему-л. мало значения

    I don't set myself up to be better than you - я не считаю себя лучше /выше/ вас

    2. обыкн. pass помещаться, располагаться

    a house set in a beautiful garden - дом, стоящий в прекрасном саду

    a little town set north of London - маленький городок, расположенный к северу от Лондона

    blue eyes set deep in a white face - голубые, глубоко посаженные глаза на бледном лице

    the pudding sets heavily on the stomach - пудинг тяжело ложится на желудок

    3. сажать, усаживать

    to set smb. by the fire - усадить кого-л. у камина /у костра/

    to set smb. on horseback - посадить кого-л. на лошадь

    to set a king on a throne - посадить /возвести/ короля на трон

    4. насаживать, надевать
    5. (in) вставлять
    6. 1) направлять; поворачивать

    to set smb. on the right [wrong] track - направить кого-л. по правильному [ложному] следу

    to set the police after a criminal - направить полицию по следам преступника

    2) иметь ( то или иное) направление, ( ту или иную) тенденцию

    public opinion is setting with [against] him - общественное мнение за [против] него, общественное мнение складывается в [не в] его пользу

    7. подготавливать; снаряжать; приводить в состояние готовности

    to set the scene - описать (в общих чертах) обстановку /положение/

    to set the stage - а) расставлять декорации; б) (под)готовить почву (для чего-л.)

    to set the stage for the application of a new method of therapy - подготовить почву для нового метода лечения

    to be set for smth. - быть готовым к чему-л.

    it was all set now - теперь всё было готово /подготовлено/

    it /the stage/ was all set for a first-class row - всё предвещало первостатейный скандал

    I was all set for the talk - я готовился к этому разговору; я знал, что меня ждёт /мне предстоит/ этот разговор

    he was all set for a brilliant career - перед ним открывалась блестящая карьера, его ждала блестящая карьера

    set! - спорт. внимание!, приготовиться!

    8. устанавливать, определять, назначать

    to set a limit /boundary/ - устанавливать границы /пределы/

    to set a limit to smth. - установить предел чему-л., пресечь что-л.

    to set bounds to smth. - ограничивать что-л.

    to set the pace - а) устанавливать скорость шага /бега/; б) служить образцом, примером; [см. тж. 10]

    to set the style /tone/ - задавать тон

    to set the course - спорт. измерить дистанцию

    to set a time [a date] - назначить время [дату]

    to set a price on smb.'s head /on smb.'s life/ - оценивать чью-л. голову /жизнь/, назначать сумму вознаграждения за поимку кого-л.

    he sets no limit to his ambitions - его честолюбие безгранично /не знает пределов/

    the time and date of the meeting have not yet been set - время и день собрания ещё не назначены

    then it's all set for Thursday at my place - значит решено - в четверг у меня

    9. 1) диал., часто ирон. идти, быть к лицу

    do you think this bonnet sets me? - как вы думаете, идёт мне эта шляпка?

    2) редк. сидеть ( о платье)

    to set well /badly/ - хорошо [плохо] сидеть (на ком-л.)

    10. тех. устанавливать, регулировать

    to set the camera lens to infinity - фото устанавливать объектив на бесконечность

    to set the spark-gap - авт. отрегулировать искровой промежуток

    to set the pace - регулировать скорость [см. тж. 8]

    11. мор. пеленговать
    12. стр. производить кладку
    II А
    1. садиться, заходить ( о небесных светилах)

    his star has /is/ set - образн. его звезда закатилась

    2. ставить (стрелку, часы и т. п.)

    to set a clock /a watch/, to set the hands of a clock - (по)ставить часы (правильно)

    to set one's watch by the town clock [by the time-signal] - ставить свои часы по городским [по сигналу поверки времени]

    to set an alarm-clock - поставить /завести/ будильник

    to set a thermostat at seventy - поставить стрелку термостата на семьдесят

    to set the speedometer to zero - авт. установить спидометр на нуль

    I want you to set your watch by mine - я хочу, чтобы вы поставили свои часы по моим

    3. 1) ставить (задачи, цели и т. п.)
    2) задавать (уроки, вопросы и т. п.)

    the teacher set his boys a difficult problem - учитель задал ученикам трудную задачу

    what questions were set in the examination? - какие вопросы задавали на экзамене?

    4. подавать ( пример)

    to set good [bad] examples - подавать хорошие [дурные] примеры

    5. 1) вводить ( моду)
    2) вводить, внедрять (модель и т. п.)

    to set a new model - внедрять новую модель /-ый образец/

    6. 1) стискивать, сжимать (зубы, губы)

    he set his teeth doggedly [hard] - он упрямо [крепко] стиснул зубы; б) принять твёрдое решение; упрямо стоять на своём, заупрямиться

    with jaws set in an effort to control himself - стиснув зубы, он пытался овладеть собой

    2) сжиматься (о губах, зубах)
    7. застывать, становиться неподвижным (о лице, глазах и т. п.)
    8. 1) твердеть ( о гипсе)
    2) стр. схватываться (о цементе, бетоне)

    the mortar joining these bricks hasn't set yet - известковый раствор, скрепляющий эти кирпичи, ещё не затвердел

    3) застывать (о желе, креме)
    4) заставлять твердеть или застывать (известь и т. п.)
    9. 1) загустеть; свёртываться (о крови, белке); створаживаться ( о молоке)
    2) сгущать (кровь и т. п.); створаживать ( молоко)
    10. 1) оформиться, сформироваться (о фигуре, характере)

    his mind and character are completely set - у него зрелый ум и вполне сложившийся характер

    2) формировать (характер и т. п.); развивать ( мускулатуру)

    too much exercise sets a boy's muscles prematurely - от чрезмерного увлечения гимнастикой мускулы подростка развиваются слишком быстро ( опережая рост)

    11. ставить ( рекорд)

    he set a record for the half mile - он установил рекорд (в беге) на полмили

    12. накрывать ( на стол)

    he quickly set the table (for three) - он быстро накрыл стол (на три персоны)

    the hostess ordered to have a place set for the guest - хозяйка распорядилась поставить прибор для (нового) гостя

    13. 1) вправлять (кости, суставы)

    to set a broken leg [arm, a dislocated joint] - вправить ногу [руку, вывихнутый сустав]

    2) срастаться ( о кости)
    14. вставлять в оправу ( драгоценные камни)

    to set diamonds - вставлять в оправу /оправлять/ бриллианты

    15. приводить в порядок, поправлять (шляпу, платок, галстук, волосы)
    16. укладывать ( волосы); сделать укладку

    to set one's hair - делать причёску, укладывать волосы

    2) муз. аранжировать

    to set a piece of music for the violin - переложить музыкальную пьесу для скрипки

    to set a melody half a tone higher - транспонировать мелодию на полтона выше

    18. подавать ( сигнал)
    19. точить (нож, бритву и т. п.)
    20. выставлять (часовых и т. п.)

    to set the guard - воен. выставлять караул

    to set guards [sentries, watches] - расставить караульных [часовых, стражу]

    21. высаживать (на берег, остров и т. п.; тж. set ashore)

    to set smb., smth. ashore - а) высаживать кого-л. на берег; б) выгружать что-л. на берег

    22. возлагать ( надежды)

    to set one's hopes on smb. - возлагать надежды на кого-л.

    23. накладывать (запрет, наказание и т. п.)

    to set a veto on smth. - наложить запрет на что-л.

    to set a punishment [a fine] - накладывать взыскание [штраф]

    24. ставить, прикладывать ( печать)

    to set a seal - а) поставить печать; б) наложить отпечаток

    25. сажать (растения, семена)

    to set seed [plants, fruit-trees] - сажать семена [растения, фруктовые деревья]

    the young plants should be set (out) at intervals of six inches - молодые растения следует высаживать на расстоянии шести дюймов друг от друга

    26. 1) приниматься ( о деревьях)
    2) бот. завязываться, образовывать завязи (о плодах, цветах)
    27. разрабатывать, составлять ( экзаменационные материалы)

    they had to set fresh papers - им пришлось составлять новую письменную работу

    to set an examination paper - составлять письменную экзаменационную работу

    to set questions in an examination - составлять вопросы для экзаменационной работы

    to set a book - включить какую-л. книгу в учебную программу

    28. 1) определиться (о направлении ветра, течения и т. п.)
    2) заставлять двигаться (в каком-л. направлении)
    29. делать стойку ( об охотничьих собаках)
    30. 1) сажать ( наседку на яйца)
    2) подкладывать ( яйца под наседку)
    31. сажать в печь ( хлебные изделия)
    32. редк. устанавливаться ( о погоде)
    33. спец. растягивать ( кожу)
    34. закрепить ( краску)
    35. полигр. набирать ( шрифт; тж. set up)

    to set close [wide] - набирать плотно [свободно]

    the editorial was set in boldface type - передовая была набрана жирным шрифтом

    36. налаживать ( станок)
    37. тех. осаживать ( заклёпку)
    38. школ. распределять учеников по параллельным классам или группам в зависимости от способностей
    II Б
    1. 1) to set about ( doing) smth. приниматься за что-л., начинать делать что-л., приступать к чему-л.

    to set about one's work - взяться /приняться/ за работу

    to set about one's packing [getting dinner ready] - начинать упаковывать вещи [готовить обед]

    to set about stamp-collecting [learning the German language] - взяться за собирание марок [изучение немецкого языка]

    I don't know how to set about it - я не знаю, как взяться за это дело /как подступиться к этому/

    2) to set smb. about ( doing) smth. засадить кого-л. за какую-л. работу, заставить кого-л. приняться за что-л., начать что-л.

    to set smb. about a task - заставить кого-л. приступить к выполнению задания

    2. 1) to set to do /doing/ smth. приниматься за что-л., начинать делать что-л.

    to set to work - приступить к работе, приниматься за работу

    they set to fighting [arguing] - они стали драться [спорить]

    2) to set smb. (on) to (do) smth. заставить кого-л. приняться за что-л.; поставить кого-л. на какую-л. работу

    to set smb. to work [to dictation] - усадить кого-л. за работу [за диктант]

    to set smb. to saw wood [to dig a field] - заставить кого-л. пилить дрова [вскапывать поле]

    who(m) did you set to do this? - кому вы поручили сделать это?

    she would do what she was set to do with great thoroughness - она тщательно выполняла то, что ей поручали

    3. to set oneself to smth., to set oneself to do /doing/ smth. энергично взяться за что-л.; твёрдо решить сделать что-л.

    she set herself to put him at his ease - она делала всё возможное, чтобы он чувствовал себя свободно

    it is no pleasant task but let us set ourselves to it - это не очень приятное задание, но давайте приступим к его выполнению

    4. 1) to be set to do smth. быть готовым что-л. сделать

    he was (all) set to go when I came - он уже был (совсем) готов (идти), когда я пришёл

    2) to be set on doing smth. твёрдо решить сделать что-л.
    5. to be set (up) on smth. очень хотеть чего-л.; поставить себе целью добиться чего-л.

    to be dead set on smth. - упорно /страстно/ желать чего-л.

    we didn't much like the idea of his going back to New York but he was set on it - мы не очень одобряли его план вернуться в Нью-Йорк, но он твёрдо решил сделать это

    6. to be set against ( doing) smth., to set oneself against ( doing) smth. быть категорически против чего-л., противиться чему-л.

    he set himself against my proposal - он заупрямился и отказался принять моё предложение

    the mother was violently set against the match - мать была категорически против этого брака

    he (himself) was set against going there - он (сам) упорно отказывался идти туда

    7. 1) to set about /at, (up)on/ smb. нападать, напускаться на кого-л.

    to set upon smb. with blows - наброситься на кого-л. с кулаками

    to set upon smb. with arguments - атаковать кого-л. доводами

    they set upon me like a pack of dogs - они набросились на меня, как свора собак

    I'd set about you myself if I could - если бы я мог, я бы сам отколотил тебя

    2) to set smb. at /on, against/ smb. натравить, напустить кого-л. на кого-л.

    to set the dog on /at/ smb. - натравить на кого-л. собаку

    to set detectives on smb. /on smb.'s tracks/ - установить за кем-л. слежку

    he is trying to set you against me - он старается восстановить вас против меня

    3) to set smb. on to do smth. подбить (на что-л.); подтолкнуть (к чему-л.)

    to set smb. on to commit a crime - толкнуть кого-л. на преступление

    8. to set smth. against smth. книжн.
    1) противопоставлять что-л. чему-л., сравнивать что-л. с чем-л.

    when theory is set against practice - когда теорию противопоставляют практике

    when we set one language against another - когда мы сравниваем один язык с другим

    against the cost of a new car, you can set the considerable saving on repairs and servicing - покупка нового автомобиля стоит денег, но, с другой стороны, это даёт экономию на ремонте и обслуживании

    2) опираться чем-л. обо что-л., упираться

    he set a hand against the door and shoved it - он упёрся рукой в дверь и толкнул её

    9. to set smb. (up) over smb. возвысить кого-л., дать кому-л. власть над кем-л.

    to set smb. (up) over a people - посадить кого-л. на трон, сделать кого-л. королём, дать кому-л. власть над народом

    10. to set oneself down as smb.
    1) выдавать себя за кого-л.
    2) зарегистрироваться, записаться ( в гостинице)
    11. to set smb. down for smb. принимать кого-л. за кого-л.

    to set smb. down for an actor - принять кого-л. за актёра

    he set her down for forty - он считал, что ей лет сорок

    12. to set up for smth. выдавать себя за кого-л.

    to set up for a professional [for a scholar] - выдавать себя за профессионала [за учёного]

    13. to set smth. in motion привести что-л. в движение

    to set a chain reaction in motion - физ. привести в действие цепную реакцию

    14. to set smth. with smth.
    1) осыпать, усеивать что-л. чем-л.; украшать что-л. чем-л.

    to set the top of wall with broken glass - утыкать верхнюю часть стены битым стеклом

    tables set with flowers - столы, украшенные цветами

    the sky set with stars - небо, усеянное звёздами

    a coast set with modern resorts - побережье со множеством современных курортов

    2) засевать что-л. чем-л.
    15. to be set to smth. иметь склонность к чему-л.

    a soul that is set to melancholy - душа, склонная к печали

    16. to set smth. to smth. подносить, прикладывать, приставлять что-л. к чему-л.; приближать что-л. к чему-л.

    to set a match [a lighter] to a cigarette - поднести спичку [зажигалку] к сигарете

    to set one's lips to a glass, to set a glass to one's lips - поднести стакан ко рту

    to set one's hand /one's name, one's signature, one's seal/ to a document - подписать документ

    to set pen to paper - взяться за перо, начать писать

    17. to set smth. apart /aside/ for smb., smth. отводить, предназначать, откладывать что-л. для кого-л., чего-л.

    to set apart funds for some purpose - выделять фонды для какой-л. цели

    to set some food apart for further use - откладывать часть продуктов на будущее

    the rooms set apart for the children were large and beautiful - комнаты, отведённые для детей, были просторны и красивы

    18. to set smth. before smb. излагать что-л. кому-л.

    to set a plan [facts] before smb. - излагать /представлять на рассмотрение/ кому-л. план [факты]

    he set his plan before the council - он изложил /представил/ совету свой план

    III А
    1. в сочетании с последующим прилагательным, наречием или предложным оборотом означает приведение в какое-л. состояние:

    to set a prisoner free /at liberty/ - освободить арестованного

    to set afloat - а) мор. спускать на воду; б) приводить в движение; дать (чему-л.) ход

    anger set afloat all his inner grievances - гнев всколыхнул затаённые обиды

    to set smb. wrong - вводить кого-л. в заблуждение

    set your mind at ease! - не беспокойтесь!

    to set smb.'s mind at rest - успокоить кого-л.

    to set a question /affair/ at rest - разрешить какой-л. вопрос, покончить с каким-л. вопросом

    to set smb.'s fears at rest - рассеять чьи-л. опасения

    to set smb.'s curiosity agog - возбудить /вызвать/ чьё-л. любопытство

    to set smb. on the alert - заставить кого-л. насторожиться

    to set at ready - воен. приводить в готовность

    to set one's affairs [papers, room] in order - приводить свои дела [бумаги, комнату] в порядок

    to set going - а) запускать (машину и т. п.); to set machinery going - приводить в действие механизм; б) пускать в ход, в действие

    to set on foot = to set going б)

    2) побуждение к какому-л. действию:

    to set smb. laughing [in a roar] - рассмешить, заставить кого-л. смеяться [покатиться со смеху]

    his jokes set the whole room [the table] laughing - все, кто был в комнате [кто сидел за столом], до упаду смеялись над его шутками

    to set smb. (off) thinking, to set smb. to thinking - заставить кого-л. призадуматься

    to set smb. wondering - вызывать у кого-л. удивление

    to set smb. flying - обратить кого-л. в бегство

    to set tongues wagging - вызывать толки, давать пищу для сплетен

    this incident set everybody's tongue wagging - этот инцидент наделал много шуму

    to set the company talking - а) развязать языки; б) дать пищу злым языкам

    I set him talking about the new discovery - я навёл его на разговор о новом открытии

    ♢

    to set foot somewhere - ходить куда-л., появляться где-л.

    not to set foot in smb.'s house - не переступать порога чьего-л. дома

    to set foot on shore - ступить на землю /на берег/

    to set one's feet on the path - пуститься в путь /дорогу/

    to set one's heart on smth. - стремиться к чему-л., страстно желать чего-л.

    to set one's heart on doing smth. - стремиться сделать что-л.

    he set his heart on going to the South - он очень хотел /твёрдо решил/ поехать на юг

    he has set his heart on seeing Moscow - его заветной мечтой было повидать Москву

    why should it be that man she has set her heart upon? - почему она полюбила именно этого человека?

    to set one's wits to smb.'s (wits) - поспорить /помериться силами/ с кем-л.

    to set one's wits to smth. - пытаться (раз)решить что-л.; ≅ шевелить мозгами

    to set one's wits to work - ломать себе голову над чем-л.

    to set people by the ears /at variance, at loggerheads/ - ссорить, натравливать людей друг на друга

    to set smth. on fire, to set fire /a light/ to smth. - сжечь /поджечь, зажечь/ что-л.

    to have smb. set - схватить кого-л. за горло, прижать кого-л. к стенке

    to set the law [smb.] at defiance - бросать вызов закону [кому-л.]

    НБАРС > set

  • 6 criticar

    v.
    1 to criticize.
    Su padre criticó su vestimenta Her father criticized her clothes.
    María critica cuando siente envidia Mary criticizes when she feels envy.
    El profesor criticó su proceder The teacher criticized his behavior.
    2 to review (enjuiciar) (literatura, arte).
    3 to gossip.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to criticize
    1 (murmurar) to gossip
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=censurar) to criticize
    2) (=hablar mal)

    siempre está criticando a la gente — he's always criticizing people, he's always finding fault with people

    3) (Arte, Literat, Teat) [+ libro, obra] to review
    2.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) (atacar, censurar) to criticize
    b) (Art, Espec, Lit) <libro/película> to review
    2.
    criticar vi to gossip, backbite
    * * *
    = come under + criticism, condemn, criticise [criticize, -USA], decry, find + fault with, put down, take + Nombre + to task, deprecate, castigate, speak against, chide, censure, berate, critique, bash, raise + criticism, come under + attack, pick on, go to + bat against, chastise, carp, damn, recreminate, reprove, reproach, single out for + criticism, slam, take + a swat at, chew + Nombre + up, roast, give + Nombre + a good roasting.
    Ex. In the 2nd period, 1912-1933, the methods and direction of the movement came under criticism from socialists and educationalists, and a heated debate ensued.
    Ex. It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.
    Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.
    Ex. Dick decried the feeling among some scholarly publishers that there is no link between scholarly researchers, publishers, and the library.
    Ex. I will add that since I have been working with the access LC provides to materials on women, a basic fault that I have found with LC subject cataloging is the absence of specificity.
    Ex. 'Specifically, I'm told you delight in putting down the professional'.
    Ex. I am frequently taken to task as someone who would try to destroy the integrity of certain catalogs on the West Coast.
    Ex. In these instances, it is important to avoid putting one's colleagues in another unit on the defensive or deprecating another unit to a patron.
    Ex. In his report, one of the few really inspiring documents to have come out of librarianship, McColvin castigated the standards of cataloguing and classification he found.
    Ex. As a result public libraries came into disrepute and even today authorities speak against them.
    Ex. Some authors of papers lament the lack of a philosophy and gently chide librarians for the 'simplicity of their pragmatism'.
    Ex. This agreement must build in incentives to participating libraries as well as methods of censuring those participants which do not fulfil their obligations to the other participating libraries in the network = Este acuerdo debe incorporar incentivos para las bibliotecas participantes así cómo la forma de llamarle la atención a aquellos participantes que no cumplan sus obligaciones con las otras bibliotecas de la red.
    Ex. Unfortunately, many of the writers are simply berating the current situation, holding to rather ancient models of mass culture.
    Ex. This paper critiques the jurisprudential assumptions upon which legal resources are created, materials are collected, and research practices are justified.
    Ex. Newspapers took advantage of the accident to attack or ' bash' the nuclear industry or nuclear power in general.
    Ex. The author raises some criticisms of the international standard ISO 2709.
    Ex. This bipartite approach has recently come under heavy attack.
    Ex. By the way, here I have stolen a phrase from the Library of Congress, not to pick on this wonderful institution, but because its mission statement resonates with a number of individuals like me, who work in research libraries.
    Ex. The article has the title 'The minority press goes to bat against segregated baseball'.
    Ex. The profession should cease practising the amateurism for which it chastises employers who have untrained persons trying to function as librarians.
    Ex. You who carped that the 007 films had devolved into a catalog of fresh gadgets and stale puns, eat crow.
    Ex. The play is damned by the critics but packs in the crowds and the producers may be upset by the adverse criticisms but they can, as the saying goes, cry all the way to the bank.
    Ex. Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote: 'Experience informs us that the first defense of weak minds is to recriminate'.
    Ex. The person reproving his friend must understand that before he can reprove someone else, he must first reprove himself.
    Ex. The Governor, it is learnt, sternly reproached the party for putting the public to inconvenience for the last two days.
    Ex. Though what exactly constitutes moral decay is debatable, one group traditionally has been singled out for criticism, namely young people.
    Ex. Britain's top cop was today slammed for leaving three white detectives 'hanging out to dry' after they were wrongly accused of racism.
    Ex. I get pretty tired of ignorant people taking swats at the Catholic religion for 'worshiping statues'.
    Ex. A war of words went up when Jewish zealots redacted out this or that word or phrase in order to deny Joshua, and the Christians chewed them up for it.
    Ex. The critics, however, roasted her for playing a tragic French heroine with a flat Midwestern accent.
    Ex. What impressed me was that the rest of the board gave him a good roasting for wasting peoples time.
    ----
    * criticar a = fulminate about, level + criticism at.
    * criticar a Alguien a sus espaldas = cut + Nombre + up + behind + Posesivo + back.
    * criticar duramente = tear + Nombre + to shreds, slate, flail away at.
    * criticar las ideas de Alguien = trample on + Posesivo + ideas.
    * ser criticado = come under + fire.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) (atacar, censurar) to criticize
    b) (Art, Espec, Lit) <libro/película> to review
    2.
    criticar vi to gossip, backbite
    * * *
    = come under + criticism, condemn, criticise [criticize, -USA], decry, find + fault with, put down, take + Nombre + to task, deprecate, castigate, speak against, chide, censure, berate, critique, bash, raise + criticism, come under + attack, pick on, go to + bat against, chastise, carp, damn, recreminate, reprove, reproach, single out for + criticism, slam, take + a swat at, chew + Nombre + up, roast, give + Nombre + a good roasting.

    Ex: In the 2nd period, 1912-1933, the methods and direction of the movement came under criticism from socialists and educationalists, and a heated debate ensued.

    Ex: It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.
    Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.
    Ex: Dick decried the feeling among some scholarly publishers that there is no link between scholarly researchers, publishers, and the library.
    Ex: I will add that since I have been working with the access LC provides to materials on women, a basic fault that I have found with LC subject cataloging is the absence of specificity.
    Ex: 'Specifically, I'm told you delight in putting down the professional'.
    Ex: I am frequently taken to task as someone who would try to destroy the integrity of certain catalogs on the West Coast.
    Ex: In these instances, it is important to avoid putting one's colleagues in another unit on the defensive or deprecating another unit to a patron.
    Ex: In his report, one of the few really inspiring documents to have come out of librarianship, McColvin castigated the standards of cataloguing and classification he found.
    Ex: As a result public libraries came into disrepute and even today authorities speak against them.
    Ex: Some authors of papers lament the lack of a philosophy and gently chide librarians for the 'simplicity of their pragmatism'.
    Ex: This agreement must build in incentives to participating libraries as well as methods of censuring those participants which do not fulfil their obligations to the other participating libraries in the network = Este acuerdo debe incorporar incentivos para las bibliotecas participantes así cómo la forma de llamarle la atención a aquellos participantes que no cumplan sus obligaciones con las otras bibliotecas de la red.
    Ex: Unfortunately, many of the writers are simply berating the current situation, holding to rather ancient models of mass culture.
    Ex: This paper critiques the jurisprudential assumptions upon which legal resources are created, materials are collected, and research practices are justified.
    Ex: Newspapers took advantage of the accident to attack or ' bash' the nuclear industry or nuclear power in general.
    Ex: The author raises some criticisms of the international standard ISO 2709.
    Ex: This bipartite approach has recently come under heavy attack.
    Ex: By the way, here I have stolen a phrase from the Library of Congress, not to pick on this wonderful institution, but because its mission statement resonates with a number of individuals like me, who work in research libraries.
    Ex: The article has the title 'The minority press goes to bat against segregated baseball'.
    Ex: The profession should cease practising the amateurism for which it chastises employers who have untrained persons trying to function as librarians.
    Ex: You who carped that the 007 films had devolved into a catalog of fresh gadgets and stale puns, eat crow.
    Ex: The play is damned by the critics but packs in the crowds and the producers may be upset by the adverse criticisms but they can, as the saying goes, cry all the way to the bank.
    Ex: Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote: 'Experience informs us that the first defense of weak minds is to recriminate'.
    Ex: The person reproving his friend must understand that before he can reprove someone else, he must first reprove himself.
    Ex: The Governor, it is learnt, sternly reproached the party for putting the public to inconvenience for the last two days.
    Ex: Though what exactly constitutes moral decay is debatable, one group traditionally has been singled out for criticism, namely young people.
    Ex: Britain's top cop was today slammed for leaving three white detectives 'hanging out to dry' after they were wrongly accused of racism.
    Ex: I get pretty tired of ignorant people taking swats at the Catholic religion for 'worshiping statues'.
    Ex: A war of words went up when Jewish zealots redacted out this or that word or phrase in order to deny Joshua, and the Christians chewed them up for it.
    Ex: The critics, however, roasted her for playing a tragic French heroine with a flat Midwestern accent.
    Ex: What impressed me was that the rest of the board gave him a good roasting for wasting peoples time.
    * criticar a = fulminate about, level + criticism at.
    * criticar a Alguien a sus espaldas = cut + Nombre + up + behind + Posesivo + back.
    * criticar duramente = tear + Nombre + to shreds, slate, flail away at.
    * criticar las ideas de Alguien = trample on + Posesivo + ideas.
    * ser criticado = come under + fire.

    * * *
    criticar [A2 ]
    vt
    1 (atacar) to criticize
    una postura que fue muy criticada por los ecologistas a position which came in for fierce criticism from o which was fiercely criticized by ecologists
    criticó duramente a los especuladores he strongly attacked o criticized the speculators
    un proyecto muy criticado a plan which has been heavily criticized o which has come in for a lot of criticism
    2 (hablar mal de) to criticize
    tú no hace falta que la critiques porque eres igual de egoísta que ella you're in no position to criticize o ( colloq) you can't talk, you're just as selfish as she is
    3 ( Art, Espec, Lit) ‹libro/película› to review
    ■ criticar
    vi
    to gossip, backbite
    * * *

     

    criticar ( conjugate criticar) verbo transitivo

    b) (Art, Espec, Lit) ‹libro/película› to review

    verbo intransitivo
    to gossip, backbite
    criticar
    I verbo transitivo to criticize
    II verbo intransitivo (murmurar) to gossip
    ' criticar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    censurar
    - dedicarse
    - desollar
    - despellejar
    - tralla
    - vapulear
    - arremeter
    - murmurar
    - rajar
    - sino
    English:
    attack
    - carp
    - critical
    - criticize
    - fault
    - knock
    - pan
    - pick on
    - run down
    - slam
    - slate
    - get
    - run
    * * *
    1. [censurar] to criticize
    2. [enjuiciar] [literatura, arte] to review
    * * *
    v/t criticize
    * * *
    criticar {72} vt
    : to criticize
    * * *
    1. (en general) to criticize
    2. (cotillear) to gossip

    Spanish-English dictionary > criticar

  • 7 lie

    I 1. noun
    1) (false statement) Lüge, die

    tell lies/a lie — lügen

    no, I tell a lie,... — (coll.) nein, nicht dass ich jetzt lüge,... (ugs.)

    white lie — Notlüge, die

    2) (thing that deceives) [einzige] Lüge (fig.); Schwindel, der (abwertend)
    2. intransitive verb,
    lying lügen

    lie to somebody — jemanden be- od. anlügen

    II 1. noun
    (direction, position) Lage, die

    the lie of the land — (Brit. fig.): (state of affairs) die Lage der Dinge; die Sachlage

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) liegen; (assume horizontal position) sich legen

    many obstacles lie in the way of my success — (fig.) viele Hindernisse verstellen mir den Weg zum Erfolg

    she lay asleep/resting on the sofa — sie lag auf dem Sofa und schlief/ruhte sich aus

    lie still/dying — still liegen/im Sterben liegen

    2)

    lie idle — [Feld, Garten:] brachliegen; [Maschine, Fabrik:] stillstehen; [Gegenstand:] [unbenutzt] herumstehen (ugs.)

    let something/things lie — etwas/die Dinge ruhen lassen

    3) (be buried) [begraben] liegen
    4) (be situated) liegen
    5) (be spread out to view)

    the valley/plain/desert lay before us — vor uns lag das Tal/die Ebene/die Wüste

    a brilliant career lay before him — (fig.) eine glänzende Karriere lag vor ihm

    6) (Naut.)

    lie at anchor/in harbour — vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

    7) (fig.) [Gegenstand:] liegen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/42782/lie_about">lie about
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    (a false statement made with the intention of deceiving: It would be a lie to say I knew, because I didn't.) die Lüge
    2. verb
    (to say etc something which is not true, with the intention of deceiving: There's no point in asking her - she'll just lie about it.) lügen
    II present participle - lying; verb
    1) (to be in or take a more or less flat position: She went into the bedroom and lay on the bed; The book was lying in the hall.) liegen
    2) (to be situated; to be in a particular place etc: The farm lay three miles from the sea; His interest lies in farming.) liegen
    3) (to remain in a certain state: The shop is lying empty now.) sich befinden
    4) ((with in) (of feelings, impressions etc) to be caused by or contained in: His charm lies in his honesty.) bestehen
    •
    - lie back
    - lie down
    - lie in
    - lie in wait for
    - lie in wait
    - lie low
    - lie with
    - take lying down
    * * *
    lie1
    [laɪ]
    I. vi
    <- y->
    lügen
    ▪ to \lie about sth intentions, plans falsche Angaben über etw akk machen
    I used to \lie about my age ich habe immer ein falsches Alter angegeben
    ▪ to \lie about sb über jdn die Unwahrheit erzählen
    ▪ to \lie to sb jdn belügen
    ▶ to \lie through one's teeth wie gedruckt lügen fam
    II. vt
    <- y->
    to \lie one's way somewhere sich akk irgendwohin hineinschmuggeln
    ▪ to \lie one's way [or oneself] out of sth sich akk aus etw dat herausreden
    III. n Lüge f
    to be a pack [or BRIT tissue] of \lies erstunken und erlogen sein fam
    to be an outright \lie glatt gelogen sein fam
    to give the \lie to sb/sth jdn/etw Lügen strafen
    to tell \lies Lügen erzählen
    don't tell me \lies! lüg mich nicht an!
    her name is Paula, no, I tell a \lie — it's Pauline ihr Name ist Paula — nein, Moment, bevor ich etwas Falsches sage — sie heißt Pauline
    lie2
    [laɪ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (position) Lage f
    2. no pl esp BRIT, AUS (shape)
    the \lie of the land die Beschaffenheit des Geländes; ( fig) die Lage
    to find out the \lie of the land das Gelände erkunden; ( fig) die Lage sondieren [o peilen
    II. vi
    <-y-, lay, lain>
    1. (be horizontal, resting) liegen
    to \lie on one's back/in bed/on the ground auf dem Rücken/im Bett/auf dem Boden liegen
    to \lie in state aufgebahrt sein [o liegen]
    to \lie awake/quietly/still wach/ruhig/still [da]liegen
    to \lie flat flach liegen [bleiben]
    2. (be buried) ruhen
    here \lies the body of... hier ruht...
    3. (become horizontal) sich akk hinlegen
    \lie face down! leg dich auf den Bauch!
    4. (be upon a surface) liegen
    snow lay thickly over the fields auf den Feldern lag eine dicke Schneeschicht
    to \lie at the mercy of sb jds Gnade ausgeliefert sein
    to \lie in ruins in Trümmern liegen
    to \lie under a suspicion unter einem Verdacht stehen
    to \lie in wait auf der Lauer liegen
    to \lie dying im Sterben liegen
    to \lie empty leer stehen
    to \lie fallow brach liegen
    6. (remain) liegen bleiben
    the snow didn't \lie der Schnee blieb nicht liegen
    7. (be situated) liegen
    the road lay along the canal die Straße führte am Kanal entlang
    to \lie in anchor/harbour in Hamburg in Hamburg vor Anker/im Hafen liegen
    to \lie off the coast [or shore] vor der Küste liegen
    to \lie to the east/north of sth im Osten/Norden [o östlich/nördlich] einer S. gen liegen
    the river \lies 40 km to the south of us der Fluss befindet sich 40 km südlich von uns
    to \lie on the route to Birmingham auf dem Weg nach Birmingham liegen
    8. (weigh)
    to \lie heavily on sth schwer auf etw dat lasten
    to \lie heavily on sb's mind jdn schwer bedrücken
    to \lie heavily on sb's stomach jdm schwer im Magen liegen fam
    9. (be the responsibility of)
    ▪ to \lie on sb jdm obliegen geh
    ▪ to \lie with sb bei jdm liegen
    the choice/decision \lies [only] with you die Wahl/Entscheidung liegt [ganz allein] bei dir
    it \lies with you to decide es liegt an dir zu entscheiden
    the responsibility for the project \lies with us wir sind für das Projekt verantwortlich [o tragen die Verantwortung für das Projekt
    10. (be found)
    ▪ to \lie in sth in etw dat liegen
    where do your interests \lie? wo liegen deine Interessen?
    the cause of the argument \lies in the stubbornness on both sides die Ursache des Streits liegt in [o an] der Sturheit auf beiden Seiten
    the decision doesn't \lie in my power die Entscheidung [darüber] liegt nicht in meiner Macht
    11. BRIT (in a competition)
    to \lie bottom of/third in the table Tabellenletzter/-dritter sein
    to \lie in second place auf dem zweiten Platz liegen
    to \lie third dritter sein
    to \lie in front of/behind sb vor/hinter jdm liegen
    12. LAW claim, appeal zulässig sein
    13.
    ▶ to \lie doggo BRIT ( fam) sich akk mucksmäuschenstill verhalten fam
    ▶ to \lie low (escape search) untergetaucht sein; (avoid being noticed) sich akk unauffällig verhalten; (bide one's time) sich akk [im Verborgenen] bereithalten
    ▶ to see how the land \lies die Lage sondieren [o peilen]
    * * *
    I [laɪ]
    1. n
    Lüge f

    it's a lie! — das ist eine Lüge!, das ist gelogen!

    I tell a lie, it's actually tomorrow — das stimmt ja gar nicht or ich hab mich vertan, es ist morgen

    to give the lie to a claim — die Unwahrheit einer Behauptung (gen) zeigen or beweisen, eine Behauptung Lügen strafen (geh)

    2. vi
    lügen

    to lie to sb —

    3. vt

    to lie one's way out of sth — sich aus etw herauslügen

    II vb: pret lay, ptp lain
    1. n
    (= position) Lage f, Position f
    2. vi

    he lay where he had fallen — er blieb liegen, wo er hingefallen war

    lie on your back — leg dich auf den Rücken

    the snow didn't lie —

    to lie with sb ( Bibl old ) ( ) —,, old )

    2) (= be buried) ruhen
    3) (= be situated) liegen

    the runner who is lying third (esp Brit) — der Läufer, der auf dem dritten Platz liegt

    Uganda lies far from the coast — Uganda liegt weit von der Küste ab or entfernt

    our futures lie in quite different directions —

    you are young and your life lies before you — du bist jung, und das Leben liegt noch vor dir

    4) (= be, remain in a certain condition) liegen

    to lie low —

    5) (immaterial things) liegen

    it lies with you to solve the problem — es liegt bei dir, das Problem zu lösen

    his interests lie in music — seine Interessen liegen auf dem Gebiet der Musik or gelten der Musik

    he did everything that lay in his power to help us — er tat alles in seiner Macht Stehende, um uns zu helfen

    * * *
    lie1 [laı]
    A s Lüge f:
    tell lies ( oder a lie) lügen;
    that’s a lie! das ist eine Lüge!, das ist gelogen!;
    a) jemanden der Lüge bezichtigen,
    b) etwas, jemanden Lügen strafen, widerlegen;
    lies have short wings (Sprichwort) Lügen haben kurze Beine; → live1 B 2, white lie
    B v/i ppr lying [ˈlaııŋ]
    1. lügen:
    lie to sb jemanden belügen, jemanden anlügen;
    he lied (to them) about his past das, was er (ihnen) über seine Vergangenheit erzählte, war gelogen;
    she lied (to them) about her age sie machte sich (ihnen gegenüber) jünger oder älter, als sie tatsächlich war;
    lie through ( oder in) one’s teeth, lie in one’s throat umg das Blaue vom Himmel (herunter)lügen, wie gedruckt lügen
    2. lügen, trügen, täuschen, einen falschen Eindruck erwecken (Zahlen etc)
    C v/t lie to sb that … jemandem vorlügen, dass …;
    lie o.s. ( oder one’s way) out of sich herauslügen aus
    lie2 [laı]
    A s
    1. Lage f (auch fig):
    the lie of the land fig Br die Lage (der Dinge)
    2. Lager n (von Tieren)
    B v/i prät lay [leı], pperf lain [leın], ppr lying [ˈlaııŋ]
    1. liegen:
    a) allg im Bett etc liegen:
    all his books are lying about ( oder around) the room seine ganzen Bücher liegen im Zimmer herum; → ruin A 2, etc
    b) ausgebreitet, tot etc daliegen:
    lie dying im Sterben liegen
    c) gelegen sein, sich befinden:
    the town lies on a river die Stadt liegt an einem Fluss;
    lie second ( oder in second position) SPORT etc an zweiter Stelle oder auf dem zweiten Platz liegen;
    all his money is lying in the bank sein ganzes Geld liegt auf der Bank
    d) begründet liegen, bestehen ( beide:
    in in dat)
    e) begraben sein oder liegen, ruhen:
    here lies … hier ruht …
    2. liegen bleiben (Schnee)
    3. SCHIFF, MIL liegen (Flotte, Truppe)
    4. SCHIFF
    a) vor Anker liegen
    b) beidrehen: → lie along, lie off 1, lie to
    5. a) liegen:
    the goose lay heavy on his stomach die Gans lag ihm schwer im Magen
    b) fig lasten (on auf der Seele etc):
    his past lies heavily on him ( oder his mind) seine Vergangenheit lastet schwer auf ihm
    6. führen, verlaufen:
    7. (behind) stecken (hinter dat), der Grund sein (für oder gen)
    8. JUR zulässig sein (Klage etc):
    appeal lies to the Supreme Court Berufung kann vor dem Obersten Bundesgericht eingelegt werden
    9. lie with sb obs oder BIBEL jemandem beiliegen (mit jemandem schlafen)Besondere Redewendungen: as far as in me lies obs oder poet soweit es an mir liegt, soweit es in meinen Kräften steht;
    his greatness lies in his courage seine Größe liegt in seinem Mut (begründet);
    he knows where his interest lies er weiß, wo sein Vorteil liegt;
    lie in sb’s way
    a) jemandem zur Hand sein,
    b) jemandem möglich sein,
    c) in jemandes Fach schlagen,
    d) jemandem im Weg stehen his talents do not lie that way dazu hat er kein Talent;
    lie on sb JUR jemandem obliegen;
    the responsibility lies on you die Verantwortung liegt bei dir;
    lie on sb’s hands unbenutzt oder unverkauft bei jemandem liegen bleiben;
    lie to the north SCHIFF Nord anliegen;
    lie under an obligation eine Verpflichtung haben;
    lie under the suspicion of murder unter Mordverdacht stehen;
    lie under a sentence of death zum Tode verurteilt sein;
    the fault lies with him die Schuld liegt bei ihm;
    it lies with you to do it es liegt an dir oder es ist deine Sache, es zu tun; siehe Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven etc
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (false statement) Lüge, die

    tell lies/a lie — lügen

    no, I tell a lie,... — (coll.) nein, nicht dass ich jetzt lüge,... (ugs.)

    white lie — Notlüge, die

    2) (thing that deceives) [einzige] Lüge (fig.); Schwindel, der (abwertend)
    2. intransitive verb,
    lying lügen

    lie to somebody — jemanden be- od. anlügen

    II 1. noun
    (direction, position) Lage, die

    the lie of the land — (Brit. fig.): (state of affairs) die Lage der Dinge; die Sachlage

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) liegen; (assume horizontal position) sich legen

    many obstacles lie in the way of my success — (fig.) viele Hindernisse verstellen mir den Weg zum Erfolg

    she lay asleep/resting on the sofa — sie lag auf dem Sofa und schlief/ruhte sich aus

    lie still/dying — still liegen/im Sterben liegen

    2)

    lie idle — [Feld, Garten:] brachliegen; [Maschine, Fabrik:] stillstehen; [Gegenstand:] [unbenutzt] herumstehen (ugs.)

    let something/things lie — etwas/die Dinge ruhen lassen

    3) (be buried) [begraben] liegen
    4) (be situated) liegen

    the valley/plain/desert lay before us — vor uns lag das Tal/die Ebene/die Wüste

    a brilliant career lay before him — (fig.) eine glänzende Karriere lag vor ihm

    6) (Naut.)

    lie at anchor/in harbour — vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

    7) (fig.) [Gegenstand:] liegen

    I will do everything that lies in my power to help — ich werde alles tun, was in meiner Macht steht, um zu helfen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Lüge -n f. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: lied) (•§ p.,p.p.: lay, lain•)
    = liegen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: lag, gelegen)
    lügen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: log, gelogen)

    English-german dictionary > lie

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 दुर् _dur

    दुर् ind. (A prefix substituted for दुस् before words beginning with vowels or soft consonants in the sense of 'bad'. 'hard' or 'difficult to do a certain thing'; for compounds with दुस् as first member see दुस् s. v.).
    -Comp. -अक्ष a.
    1 weak-eyed.
    -2 evileyed.
    (-क्षः) 1 a loaded or false die.
    -2 dishonest gambling.
    -अक्षरम् an evil word; श्रुतिं ममाविश्य भवद्दुरक्षरं सृजत्यदः कीटकवदुत्कटा रुजः N.9.63.
    -अतिक्रम a. difficult to be overcome or conquered, unconquerable; सर्वं तु तपसा साध्यं तपो हि दुरति- क्रमम् Ms.11.2.38; स्वभावो दुरतिक्रमः 'nature cannot be changed'; स्वजातिर्दुरतिक्रमा Pt.1.
    -2 insurmountable, impassable; B. R.6.18-19.
    -3 inevitable. (
    -मः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -अत्यय a.
    1 difficult to be overcome; स्वर्गमार्गपरिघो दुरत्ययः R.11.88.
    -2 hard to be attained or fathomed; स एष आत्मा स्वपरेत्यबुद्धिभिर्दुरत्यया- नुक्रमणो निरूप्यते Bhāg.7.5.13.
    -अदृष्टम् ill-luck, misfortune.
    -अधिग, -अधिगम a.
    1 hard to reach or attain, unattainable; Bhāg.3.23.8; दुरधिगमः परभागो यावत्पुरुषेण पौरुषं न कृतम् Pt.1.33.
    -2 insurmountable.
    -3 hard to be studied or understood; इह दुरधिगमैः किञ्चि- देवागमैः Ki.5.18.
    -अधिष्ठित a. badly performed, managed, or executed. (
    -तम्) improper stay at a place.
    -अधीत a. badly learnt or read.
    -अध्यय a.
    1 difficult of attainment; सहस्रवर्त्मा चपलैर्दुरध्ययः Śi.12.11.
    -2 hard to be studied.
    -अध्यवसायः a foolish undertaking.
    -अध्वः a bad road; स्वयं दुरध्वार्णवनाविकाः कथं स्पृशन्तु विज्ञाय हृदापि तादृशीम् N.9.33.
    -अन्त a.
    1 whose end is difficult to be reached, endless, infinite; संकर्षणाय सूक्ष्माय दुरन्तायान्तकाय च Bhāg.
    -2 ending ill or in misery, unhappy; अहो दुरन्ता बलवद्विरोधिता Ki.1.23; नृत्यति युवति- जनेन समं सखि विरहिजनस्य दुरन्ते (वसन्ते) Gīt.1; इयमुदरदरी- दुरन्तधारा यदि न भवेदभिमानभङ्गभूमिः Udb.
    -3 hard to be understood or known.
    -4 insurmountable.
    -अन्तक a. = दुरन्त q. v. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -अन्वय a.
    1 difficult to be passed along; Mb.14.51.17.
    -2 hard to be carried out or followed.
    -3 difficult to be attained. or understood; बुद्धिश्च ते महाप्राज्ञ देवैरपि दुरन्वया Rām.3. 66.18.
    -4 not suitable, improper; वचो दुरन्वयं विप्रास्तूष्णी- मासन्भ्रमद्धियः Bhāg.1.84.14.
    (-यः) 1 a wrong conclusion, one wrongly inferred from given premisses.
    -2 (in gram.) a false agreement.
    -अपवादः ill report. slander.
    -अभिग्रह a. difficult to be caught.
    -अभि- मानिन् a. vain-glorious, disagreeably proud.
    - अवगम a. incomprehensible; Bhāg.5.13.26.
    -अवग्रह a.
    1 difficult to be restrained or subjugated; भक्ता भजस्व दुरवग्रह मा त्यजास्मान् Bhāg.1.29.31.
    -2 disagreeable.
    -अवग्राह a. difficult to be attained; Bhāg.7.1.19.
    -अवच्छद a. difficult to be hidden; हेतुभिर्लक्षयांचक्रुराप्रीतां दुरवच्छदैः Bhāg.1.62.28.
    -अवबोध a. unintelligible. Bhāg.1.49.29.
    -अवसित a. unfathomed, difficult to be ascertained, द्युपतिभिरजशक्रशंकराद्यैर्दुरवसितस्तवमच्युतं नतो$स्मि Bhāg.12.12.67.
    -अवस्थ a. ill off, badly or poorly circumstanced.
    -अवस्था, -स्थानम् a wretched or miser- able state; Bhāg.5.3.12.
    -अवाप a. difficult to be gained or fulfilled; Ś.1.
    -अवेक्षितम् an improper look.
    -अह्नः a bad day.
    -आकृति a. ugly, mis-shaped.
    -आक्रन्द a. crying bitterly or miserably; किं क्रन्दसि दुराक्रन्द स्वपक्ष- क्षयकारक Pt.4.29.
    -आक्रम a.
    1 invincible, unconquer- able.
    -2 difficult to be passed.
    -आक्रमणम् 1 unfair attack.
    -2 difficult approach.
    -आगमः improper or illegal acquisition.
    -आग्रहः foolish obstinacy, head- strongness, pertinacity; ममाहमित्यूढदुराग्रहाणां पुंसाम् Bhāg.3. 5.43.
    1 hard to be performed.
    -2 incurable (as a disease).
    -आचार a.
    1 ill-conducted, badly be- haved.
    -2 following bad practices, wicked, depraved; अपि चेत्सुदुराचारो भजते मामनन्यभाक् Bg.9.3. (
    -रः) bad practice, ill-conduct, wikedness.
    -आढ्य a. not rich, poor.
    -आत्मता vileness, baseness, wickedness.
    -आत्मन् a. evil-natured, low, wicked, vile, base, mean; ये च प्राहुर्दुरात्मानो दुराराध्या महीभुजः Pt.1.39. (-m.) a rascal, villain, scoundrel.
    - आधर a. difficult to be withstood or overpowered, irresistible.
    -आधर्ष a. hard to be approached or assailed, unassailable जगन्नाथो दुराधर्षो गङ्गां भागीरथीं प्रति Mb.
    -2 not to be attacked with impu- nity.
    -3 haughty. (
    -र्षः) white mustard.
    -आधारः an epithet of Śiva.
    -आधिः (m.)
    1 distress or anxiety of mind; निरस्तनारीसमया दुराधयः Ki.1.28.
    -2 indignation.
    -आधी a. Ved. malignant, thinking ill of.
    - आनम a. difficult to bend or draw; स विचिन्त्य धनुर्दुरानमम् R.11.38.
    -आप a.
    1 difficult to be obtained; श्रिया दुरापः कथमीप्सितो भवेत् Ś.3.13; R.1.72;6.62.
    -2 difficult to be ap- proached; Pt.1.67.
    -3 hard to be overcome.
    -आपादन a. difficult to be brought about; किं दुरापादनं तेषाम् Bhāg.3.23.42.
    -आपूर a. difficult to be filled or satisfied; Bhāg.7.6.8.
    -आबाध a. hard to be molested. (
    -धः) N. of Śiva.
    -आमोदः bad scent, stench; शवधूमदुरामोदः शालिभक्ते$त्र विद्यते Ks.82.22.
    -आराध्य a. difficult to be propitiated, hard to be won over or conciliated; दुराराध्याः श्रियो राज्ञां दुरापा दुष्परिग्रहाः Pt.1.38.
    -आरुह a. difficult to be mounted.
    (-हः) 1 the Bilva tree.
    -2 the cocoanut tree.
    -3 the date tree.
    -आरोप a. difficult to be strung (bow); दुरारोपमैन्दुशेखरं धनुर्दुर्निवारा रावणभुजदण्डाः B. R.1.46-47.
    -आरोह a. difficult of ascent.
    (-हः) 1 The cocoanut tree.
    -2 the palm tree.
    -3 the date tree.
    -आलापः 1 a curse, imprecation.
    -2 foul of abusive language.
    -आलोक a.
    1 difficult to be seen or perceived.
    -2 painfully bright, dazzling; दुरालोकः स समरे निदाघाम्बररत्नवत् K. P.1. (
    -कः) dazzling splendour.
    -आव(वा)र a.
    1 difficult to be covered or filled up; दुरावरं त्वदन्येन राज्यखण्डमिदं महत् Rām.2.15.5.
    -2 difficult to be restrained, shut in, kept back or stopped.
    -आवर्त a. difficult to be convinced or set up; भवन्ति सुदुरावर्ता हेतुमन्तो$पि पण्डिताः Mb.12.19.23.
    1 evil-minded, wicked, malicious, स्फुटनिर्भिन्नो दुराशयो$धमः Śi. उपेयिवान् मूलमशेषमूलं दुराशयः कामदुघाङ्घ्रिपस्य Bhāg.3.21.15.
    -2 having a bad place or rest. (-m.) the subtle body which is not destroyed by death (लिङ्गदेह); एतन्मे जन्म लोके$स्मिन्मुमुक्षूणां दुराशयात् Bhāg.3.24. 36.
    -आशा 1 a bad or wicked desire.
    -2 hoping against hope.
    -आस a. difficult to be abided or associated with; संघर्षिणा सह गुणाभ्यधिकैर्दुरासम् Śi.5.19.
    1 difficult to be approached or overtaken; स सभूव दुरासदः परैः R.3.66; 8.4; Mv.2.5; 4.15.
    -2 difficult to be found or met with.
    -3 unequalled, unparalleled.
    -4 hard to be borne, insupportable.
    -5 difficult to be conquered, unassailable, unconquerable; जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् Bg.3.43. (
    -दः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -इत a.
    1 difficult.
    -2 sinful.
    (-तम्) 1 a bad course, evil, sin; दरिद्राणां दैन्यं दुरितमथ दुर्वासनहृदां द्रुतं दूरीकुर्वन् G. L.2; R.8.2; Amaru.2; Mv.3.43.
    -2 a difficulty, danger.
    -3 a calamity, evil; अपत्ये यत्तादृग्- दुरितमभवत् U.4.3.
    -इतिः f. Ved.
    1 a bad course.
    -2 difficulty.
    -इष्टम् 1 a curse, imprecation.
    -2 a spell or sacrificial rite performed to injure another person.
    -ईशः a bad lord or master.
    -ईषणा, -एषणा 1 a curse, an imprecation.
    -2 an evil eye.
    -उक्त a. harshly utter- ed; Pt.1.89.
    -उक्तम्, -उक्तिः f. offensive speech, reproach, abuse, censure; लक्ष्मि क्षमस्व वचनीयमिदं दुरुक्तम् Udb.
    -उच्छेद a. difficult to be destroyed.
    -उत्तर a.
    1 unanswerable.
    -2 difficult to be crossed; दुरुत्तरे पङ्क इवान्धकारे Bk.11.2; प्राप्तः पङ्को दुरुत्तरः Ki.15.17.
    - उदय a. appearing with difficulty, not easily manifested; यो$ नात्मनां दुरुदयो भगवान्प्रतीतः Bhāg.3.16.5.
    -उदर्क a. having bad or no consequences; N.5.41.
    -उदाहर a. diffi- cult to be pronounced or composed; अनुज्झितार्थसंबन्धः प्रबन्धो दुरुदाहरः Śi.2.73.
    -उद्वह a. burdensome, unbear- able.
    - उपसद a. difficult of approach; Ki.7.9.
    -उपसर्पिन् a. approaching incautiously; एकमेव दहत्यग्निर्नरं दुरुपसर्पिणम् Ms.7.9.
    -ऊह a. abstruse; जानीते जयदेव एव शरणः श्लाघ्ये दुरूहद्रुते Gīt.
    -एव a. Ved.
    1 having evil ways.
    -2 irresis- tible, unassailable. (
    -वः) a wicked person.
    -ओषस् a. Ved. slow, lazy.
    - ग 1 difficult of access, inaccessible, impervious, impassable; दुर्गस्त्वेष महापन्थाः Mb.12.3. 5; दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति Kaṭh.1.3.14.
    -2 unattain- able.
    -3 incomprehensible.
    -4 following wicked path, vicious; Rām.2.39.22.
    (-गः, -गम्) 1 a difficult or narrow passage through a wood or over a stream, mountain &c., a defile, narrow pass.
    -2 a citadel. fortress, castle; न दुर्गं दुर्गमित्येव दुर्गमं मन्यते जनः । तस्य दुर्गमता सैव यत्प्रभुस्तस्य दुर्गमः ॥ Śiva. B.16.61.
    -3 rough ground.
    -4 difficulty, adversity, calamity, distress, danger; निस्तारयतिं दुर्गाच्च Ms.3.98;11.43; मच्चित्तः सर्व- दुर्गाणि मत्प्रसादात्तरिष्यसि; Bg.18.58.
    (-गः) 1 bdellium.
    -2 the Supreme Being.
    -3 N. of an Asura slain by Durgā (thus receiving her name from him). ˚अध्यक्षः, ˚पतिः, ˚पालः the commandant or governor of a castle. ˚अन्तः The suburb of a fort; दुर्गान्ते सिद्धतापसाः Kau. A. 1.12. ˚कर्मन् n. fortification. ˚कारक a. making difficult. (
    -कः) the birch tree. ˚घ्नी N. of Durgā. ˚तरणी an epithet of Sāvitrī. सावित्री दुर्गतरणी वीणा सप्तविधा तथा Mb. ˚मार्गः a defile, gorge. ˚लङ्घनम् surmounting difficu- lties. (
    -नः) a camel. ˚संचरः
    1 a difficult passage as to a fort &c., a bridge &c. over a defile. ˚संस्कारः Repairs to the old forts; अतो दुर्गसंस्कार आरब्धव्ये किं कौमुदीमहोत्सवेन Mu. ˚सिंहः N. of the author of कलापपरिशिष्ट. ˚व्यसनम् a defect or weak point in a fortress. (
    -र्गा) an epithet of Pārvatī, wife of Śiva.
    -2 the female cuckoo
    -3 N. of several plants. ˚नवमी the 9th day of the bright half of कार्तिक. ˚पूजा the chief festival in honour of दुर्गा in Bengal in the month of Āśvina.
    -गत a.
    1 unfortunate, in bad circumstances; समाश्वसिमि केनाहं कथं प्राणिमि दुर्गतः Bk.18.1.
    -2 indigent, poor.
    -3 distressed, in trouble.
    -गतता ill-luck, poverty, misery; तावज्जन्मातिदुःखाय ततो दुर्गतता सदा Pt.1.265.
    -गतिः f.
    1 misfortune, poverty, want, trouble, indigence; न हि कल्याणकृत्कश्चिद् दुर्गतिं तात गच्छति Bg.6.4.
    -2 a difficult situation or path.
    -3 hell.
    -गन्ध a. ill-smelling.
    (-न्धः) 1 bad odour, stink
    -2 any ill-smelling substance.
    -3 an onion.
    -4 the mango tree. (
    -न्धम्) sochal salt.
    -गन्धि, -गन्धिन् a. ill-smelling.
    -गम a.
    1 impassable, inaccessible, impervious; कामिनीकायकान्तारे कुचपर्वतदुर्गमे Bh.1.86; Śi. 12.49.
    -2 unattainable, difficult of attainment.
    -3 hard to be understood. (
    -मम्) a difficult place like hill etc; भ्राम्यन्ते दुर्गमेष्वपि Pt.5.81.
    -गाढ, -गाध, -गाह्य a. difficult to be fathomed or investigated, unfathomable.
    -गुणितम् not properly studied; चिराम्यस्तपथं याति शास्त्रं दुर्गुणितं यथा Avimārakam.2.4.
    -गोष्ठी evil association; conspiracy. वृद्धो रक्कः कम्पनेशो दुर्गोष्ठीमध्यगो$भवत् Rāj. T.6. 17.
    -ग्रह a.
    1 difficult to be gained or accomplished.
    -2 difficult to be conquered or subjugated; दुर्गाणि दुर्ग्रहाण्यासन् तस्य रोद्धुरपि द्विषाम् R.17.52.
    -3 hard to be understood.
    (-हः) 1 a cramp, spasm.
    -2 obstinacy.
    -3 whim, monomania; कथं न वा दुर्ग्रहदोष एष ते हितेन सम्य- ग्गुरुणापि शम्यते N.9.41.
    -घट a.
    1 difficult. कार्याणि घटयन्नासीद् दुर्घटान्यपि हेलया Rāj. T.4.364.
    -2 impossible.
    -घण a.
    1 closely packed together, very compact.
    -घुरुटः An unbeliever; L. D. B.
    -घोषः 1 a harsh cry.
    -2 a bear.
    -जन a.
    1 wicked, bad, vile.
    -2 slanderous, malicious, mischievous; यथा स्त्रीणां तथा वाचां साधुत्वे दुर्जनो जनः U.1.6. (
    -नः) a bad or wicked person, a malicious or mischievous man, villain; दुर्जनः प्रियवादी च नैतद्विश्वास- कारणम् Chāṇ.24,25; शाम्येत्प्रत्यपकारेण नोपकारेण दुर्जनः Ku.2.4. (दुर्जनायते Den. Ā. to become wicked; स्वजनो$पि दरिद्राणां तत्क्षणाद् दुर्जनायते Pt.1.5.). (दुर्जनीकृ [च्वि] to make blameworthy; दुर्जनीकृतास्मि अनेन मां चित्रगतां दर्शयता Nāg.2).
    -जय a. invincible. (
    -यः) N. of Viṣṇu.
    -जर a.
    1 ever youthful; तस्मिन्स्तनं दुर्जरवीर्यमुल्बणं घोराङ्कमादाय शिशोर्दधावथ Bhāg.1.6.1.
    -2 hard (as food), indigestible.
    -3 difficult to be enjoyed; राजश्रीर्दुर्जरा तस्य नवत्वे भूभुजो$भवत् Rāj. T.5.19.
    -जात a.
    1 unhappy, wretched.
    -2 bad-tempered, bad, wicked; Rāj. T.3. 142.
    -3 false, not genuine. ˚जीयिन् a. one who is born in vain; यो न यातयते वैरमल्पसत्त्वोद्यमः पुमान् । अफलं जन्म तस्याहं मन्ये दुर्जातजायिनः ॥ Mb.
    (-तम्) 1 a misfortune, calamity, difficulty; त्वं तावद् दुर्जाते मे$त्यन्तसाहाय्यकारिणी भव M.3; दुर्जातबन्धुः R.13.72. 'a friend in need or adversity.'
    -2 impropriety.
    -जाति a.
    1 bad natured, vile, wicked; रुदितशरणा दुर्जातीनां सहस्व रुषां फलम् Amaru.96.
    -2 out- cast. (
    -तिः f.) misfortune, ill condition.
    -ज्ञान, -ज्ञेय a. difficult to be known, incomprehensible. उच्चावचेषु भुतेषु दुर्ज्ञेयामकृतात्मभिः Ms.6.73. (
    -यः) N. of Śiva.
    -णयः, -नयः, -नीतिः 1 bad conduct.
    -2 impropriety
    -3 in- justice.
    -णामन्, -नामन् a. having a bad name.
    -णीत a.
    1 ill-behaved.
    -2 impolitic.
    -3 forward. (
    -तम्) miscon- duct; दुर्णीतं किमिहास्ति किं सुचरितं कः स्थानलाभे गुणः H.
    -दम, -दमन, -दम्य a. difficult to be subdued, untamable, indomitable.
    -दर्श a.
    1 difficult to be seen.
    -2 dazzling; सुदुर्दर्शमिदं रूपं दृष्टवानसि यन्मन Bg.11.52.
    -दर्शन a. ugly, ill-looking; दुर्दर्शनेन घटतामियमप्यनेन Māl.2.8.
    -दशा a misfortune, calamity.
    -दान्त a.
    1 hard to be tamed or subdued, untamable; Śi.12.22.
    -2 intractable, proud, insolent; दुर्दान्तानां दमनविधयः क्षत्रियेष्वायतन्ते Mv.3.34.
    (-तः) 1 a calf.
    -2 a strife, quarrel.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -दिन a. cloudy, rainy.
    (-नम्) 1 a bad day in general; तद्दिनं दुर्दिनं मन्ये यत्र मित्रागमो हि न Subhāṣ.
    -2 a rainy or cloudy day, stormy or rainy weather; उन्नमत्यकालदुर्दिनम् Mk.5; Ku.6 43; Mv.4.57.
    -3 a shower (of any- thing); द्विषां विषह्य काकुत्स्थस्तत्र नाराचदुर्दिनम् ॥ सन्मङ्गलस्नात इव R.4.41,82;5.47; U.5.5.
    -4 thick darkness; जीमूतैश्च दिशः सर्वाश्चक्रे तिमिरदुर्दिनाः Mb. (दुर्दिनायते Den. Ā. to become cloudy.)
    -दिवसः a dark or rainy day; Pt.1.173.
    -दुरूटः, -ढः 1 an unbeliever
    -2 an abusive word.
    -दृश a.
    1 disagreeable to the sight, disgusting; दुर्दृशं तत्र राक्षसं घोररूपमपश्यत्सः Mb.1.2.298.
    -2 difficult to be seen; पादचारमिवादित्यं निष्पतन्तं सुदुर्दृशम् Rām.7.33.5.
    -दृष्ट a. ill- judged or seen, wrongly decided; Y.2.35.
    -दैवम् ill-luck, misfortune.
    -द्यूतम् an unfair game.
    -द्रुमः onion (green).
    -धर a.
    1 irresistible, difficult to be stopped.
    -2 difficult to be borne or suffered; दुर्धरेण मदनेन साद्यते Ghat.11; Ms.7.28.
    -3 difficult to be accomplished.
    -4 difficult to be kept in memory. (
    -रः) quicksilver.
    -धर्ष a.
    1 inviolable, unassailable.
    -2 inaccessible; संयोजयति विद्यैव नीचगापि नरं सरित् । समुद्रमिव दुर्धर्षं नृपं भाग्य- मतः परम् ॥ H. Pr.5.
    -3 fearful, dreadful.
    -4 haughty.
    -धी a. stupid, silly.
    -नयः 1 arrogance.
    -2 immorality.
    -3 evil strategy; उन्मूलयितुमीशो$हं त्रिवर्गमिव दुर्नयः Mu.5.22.
    -नामकः piles. ˚अरिः a kind of bulbous root (Mar. सुरण).
    -नामन् m. f. a cockle. (-n.) piles.
    -निग्रह a. irre- pressible, unruly; मनो दुर्निग्रहं चलम् Bg.6.35.
    -निमित a. carelessly put or placed on the ground; पदे पदे दुर्निमिते गलन्ती R.7.1.
    -निमित्तम् 1 a bad omen; R.14.5.
    -2 a bad pretext.
    -निवार, -निवार्य a. difficult to be check- ed or warded off, irresistible, invincible.
    -नीतम् 1 mis- conduct, bad policy, demerit, misbehaviour; दुर्णीतं किमि- हास्ति Pt.2.21; H.1.49.
    -2 ill-luck.
    -नीतिः f. mal- administration; दुर्नीतिं तव वीक्ष्य कोपदहनज्वालाजटालो$पि सन्; Bv.4.36.
    -नृपः a bad king; आसीत् पितृकुलं तस्य भक्ष्यं दुर्नृप- रक्षसः Rāj. T.5.417.
    -न्यस्त a. badly arranged; दुर्न्यस्त- पुष्परचितो$पि Māl.9.44.
    -बल a.
    1 weak, feeble.
    -2 enfeebled, spiritless; दुर्बलान्यङ्गकानि U.1.24.
    -3 thin, lean, emaciated; U.3.
    -4 small, scanty, little; स्वार्थोप- पत्तिं प्रति दुर्बलाशः R.5.12.
    -बाध a. Unrestrained (अनिवार); दुर्बाधो जनिदिवसान्मम प्रवृद्धः (आधिः); Mv.6.28.
    -बाल a.
    1 bald-headed.
    -2 void of prepuce.
    -3 having crook- ed hair.
    -बुद्धि a.
    1 silly, foolish, stupid.
    -2 perverse, evil-minded, wicked; धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः (समा- गताः) Bg.1.23
    -बुध a. wicked-minded, silly; Mb. 11.4.18.
    -बोध a. unintelligible, unfathomable, inscru- table; निसर्गदुर्बोधमबोधविक्लवाः क्व भूपतीनां चरितं क्व जन्तवः Ki. 1.6.
    -भग a.
    1 unfortunate, unlucky; श्रीवल्लभं दुर्भगाः (निन्दन्ति) Pt.1.415.
    -2 not possessed of good features, ill-looking.
    -भगा 1 a wife disliked by her husband; दुर्भगाभरणप्रायो ज्ञानं भारः क्रियां विना H.1.17.
    -2 an ill-tempered woman, a shrew.
    -3 a widow;
    -भर a. insupportable, burdensome, heavily laden with (comp.); ततो राजाब्रवीदेतं बहुव्यसनदुर्भरः Ks.112.156.
    -भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky. (
    ग्यम्) ill-luck.
    -भावना 1 an evil thought.
    -2 a bad tendency.
    -भिक्षम् 1 scarcity of provisions, dearth, famine; Y.2.147; Ms.8.22; उत्सवे व्यसने चैव दुर्भिक्षे... यस्तिष्ठति स बान्धवः H.1.71; Pt.2.
    -2 want in general.
    -भिद, -भेद, -भेद्य a. firm; सुजनस्तु कनकघटवद् दुर्भेद्यश्चाशु संध्येयः Subhāṣ.
    -भृत्यः a bad servant.
    -भिषज्यम् incurability; Bṛi. Up.4.3.14.
    -भ्रातृ m. a bad brother.
    -मङ्कु a. obstinate, disobedient.
    -मति a.
    1 silly, stupid, foolish, ignorant.
    -2 wicked, evilminded; न सांपरायिकं तस्य दुर्मतेर्विद्यते फलम् Ms.11.3.
    -मद a. drun- ken, ferocious, maddened, infatuated; Bhāg.1.15.7.
    -दः foolish pride, arrogance.
    -दम् the generative organ; ग्रामकं नाम विषयं दुर्मदेन समन्वितः Bhāg.4.25.52.
    -मनस् a. troubled in mind, discouraged, disspirited, sad, malancholy; अद्य बार्हस्पतः श्रीमान् युक्तः पुष्येण राघवः । प्रोच्यतै ब्राह्मणैः प्राज्ञैः केन त्वमसि दुर्मनाः ॥ Rām. [दुर्मनायते Den. Ā. to be troubled in mind, be sad, meditate sorrowfully, to be disconso- late, become vexed or fretted; Māl.3].
    -मनुष्यः a bad or wicked man.
    -मन्त्रः, -मन्त्रितम्, -मन्त्रणा evil advice, bad counsel; दुर्मन्त्रान्नृपतिर्विनश्यति; Pt.1.169.
    -मरम् a hard or difficult death; Mb.14.61.9.
    -मरी a kind of दूर्वा grass.
    -मरणम् violent or unnatural death.
    -मर्ष a.
    1 unbearable; Bhāg.6.5.42.
    -2 obstinate, hostile.
    -मर्षणः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -मर्षित a. provocated, encouraged; एवं दुर्मर्षितो राजा स मात्रा बभ्रुवाहनः Mb.14. 79.13,
    -मर्याद a. immodest, wicked.
    -मल्लिका, -मल्ली a minor drama, comedy, farce; S. D.553.
    -मित्रः 1 a bad friend.
    -2 an enemy.
    -मुख a.
    1 having a bad face, hideous, ugly; Bh.1.9.
    -2 foul-mouthed, abusive, scurrilous; Bh.2.69.
    (-खः) 1 a horse.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 N. of a serpent king (Nm.)
    -4 N. of a monkey (Nm.)
    -5 N. of a year (29th year out of 6 years cycle).
    -मूल्य a. highly priced, dear.
    -मेधस् a. silly, foolish, dull-headed, dull; Pt.1. (-m.) a dunce, dull-headed man, blockhead; ग्रन्थानधीत्य व्याकर्तु- मिति दुर्मेधसो$प्यलम् Śi.2.26.
    -मैत्र a. unfriendly, hostile; Bhāg.7.5.27.
    -यशस् n. ill-repute, dishonour.
    -योगः 1 bad or clumsy contrivance.
    -2 a bad combi- nation.
    -योध, -योधन a. invincible, unconquerable. (
    -नः) the eldest of the 11 sons of Dhṛitarāṣṭra and Gāndhārī. [From his early years he conceived a deep hatred for his cousins the Pāṇḍavas, but particularly Bhīma, and made every effort he could to compass their destruction. When his father pro- posed to make Yudhiṣṭhira heir-apparent, Duryodhana did not like the idea, as his father was the reigning sovereign, and prevailed upon his blind father to send the Pāṇḍavas away into exile. Vāraṇāvata was fixed upon as their abode, and under pretext of constructing a palatial building for their residence, Duryodhana caused a palace to be built mostly of lac, resin and other combustible materials, thereby hoping to see them all destroyed when they should enter it. But the Paṇḍavas were forewarned and they safely escaped. They then lived at Indraprastha, and Yudhiṣṭhira performed the Rājasuya sacrifice with great pomp and splendour. This event further excited the anger and jealousy of Duryodhana, who was already vexed to find that his plot for burning them up had signally failed, and he induced his father to invite the Pāṇḍavas to Hastināpura to play with dice (of which Yudhiṣṭhira was particularly fond). In that gambling-match, Duryodhana, who was ably assisted by his maternal uncle Śakuni, won from Yudhiṣṭhira everything that he staked, till the infatuated gambler staked himself, his brothers, and Draupadī herself, all of whom shared the same fate. Yudhiṣṭhira, as a condition of the wager, was forced to go to the forest with his wife and brothers, and to remain there for twelve years and to pass one addi- tional year incognito. But even this period, long as it was, expired, and after their return from exile both the Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas made great preparations for the inevitable struggle and the great Bhāratī war commenced. It lasted for eighteen days during which all the Kauravas, with most of their allies, were slain. It was on the last day of the war that Bhīma fought a duel with Duryodhana and smashed his thigh with his club.] मोघं तवेदं भुवि नामधेयं दुर्योधनेतीह कृतं पुरस्तात् न हीह दुर्योधनता तवास्ति पलायमानस्य रणं विहाय Mb.4.65.17.
    -योनि a. of a low birth, न कथंचन दुर्योनिः प्रकृतिं स्वां नियच्छति Ms.1.59.
    -लक्ष्य a. difficult to be seen or perceived, hardly visible.
    -क्ष्यम् bad aim; मनः प्रकृत्यैव चलं दुर्लक्ष्यं च तथापि मे Ratn.3.2.
    -लभ a.
    1 difficult to be attained, or accomplished; R.1.67;17.7; Ku.4.4;5.46,61; दुर्लभं भारते जन्म मानुष्यं तत्र दुर्लभम् Subhāṣ.
    -2 difficult to be found or met with, scarce, rare; शुद्धान्तदुर्लभम् Ś.1.17.
    -3 best, excellent, eminent.
    -ग्रामः a village situated close to a large village and inhabited by the free-holders (अग्र- हारोपजीविनः); Māna.1.79-8.
    -4 dear, beloved.
    -5 costly.
    -ललित a.
    1 spoilt by fondling, fondled too much, hard to please; हा मदङ्कदुर्ललित Ve.4; V.2.8; Māl.9.
    -2 (hence) wayward, naughty, illbred, unruly; स्पृहयामि खलु दुर्ललितायास्मै Ś.7. (
    -तम्) waywardness, rudeness.
    -लेख्यम् a forged document. Y.2.91.
    -वच a.
    1 difficult to be described, indescribable. अपि वागधिपस्य दुर्वचं वचनं तद् विदधीत विस्मयम् Ki.2.2.
    -2 not to be talked about.
    -3 speaking improperly, abusing. (
    -चम्) abuse, censure, foul language.
    -वचस् n. abuse, censure; असह्यं दुर्वचो ज्ञातेर्मेघा- न्तरितरौद्रवत् Udb.
    -वर्ण a. bad-coloured.
    -र्णः 1 bad colour.
    -2 impurity; यथा हेम्नि स्थितो वह्निर्दुवर्णं हन्ति धातु- जम् Bhāg.12.3.47.
    (-र्णम्) 1 silver. दुर्वर्णभित्तिरिह सान्द्रसुधासुवर्णा Śi.4.28.
    -2 a kind of leprosy.
    -वस a. difficult to be resided in.
    -वसतिः f. painful residence; R.8.94.
    -वह a. heavy, difficult to be borne; दुर्वहगर्भखिन्नसीता U.2.1; Ku.1.11.
    -वाच् a. speaking ill. (-f.)
    1 evil words, abuse.
    -2 inelegant language or speech.
    -वाच्य a.
    1 difficult to be spoken or uttered.
    -2 abusive, scurrilous.
    -3 harsh, cruel (as words).
    (-च्यम्) 1 censure, abuse.
    -2 scandal, ill-repute.
    -वातः a fart. ˚वातय Den. P. to break wind or fart; इत्येके विहसन्त्येनमेके दुर्वातयन्ति च Bhāg.11.23.4.
    -वादः slander, defamation, calumny.
    -वार, -वारण a. irresistible, unbearable; R.14.87; किं चायमरिदुर्वारः पाणौ पाशः प्रचेतसः Ku.2.21.
    -वासना 1 evil propensity, wicked desire; कः शत्रुर्वद खेददानकुशलो दुर्वासनासंचयः Bv. 1.86.
    -2 a chimera.
    -वासस् a.
    1 ill-dressed.
    -2 naked. (-m.) N. of a very irascible saint or Ṛiṣi, son of Atri and Anasūyā. (He was very hard to please, and he cursed many a male and female to suffer misery and degradation. His anger, like that of Jama- dagni, has become almost proverbial.)
    -वाहितम् a heavy burden; उरोजपूर्णकुम्भाङ्का सदुर्वाहितविभ्रमा Rāj. T.4.18.
    -विगाह, -विगाह्य a. difficult to be penetrated or fathomed, unfathomable.
    -विचिन्त्य inconcei- vable, inscrutable
    -विद a. difficult to be known or discovered; नूनं गतिः कृतान्तस्य प्राज्ञैरपि सुदुर्विदा Mb.7.78. 2.
    -विदग्ध 1 unskilled, raw, foolish, stupid, silly.
    -2 wholly ignorant.
    -3 foolishly puffed up, elated. vainly proud; वृथाशस्त्रग्रहणदुर्विदग्ध Ve.3; ज्ञानलवदुर्विदग्धं ब्रह्मापि नरं न रञ्जयति Bh.2.3.
    -विद्ध a. Badly perforated (a pearl); Kau. A.2.11.
    -विद्य a. uneducated; Rāj. T.1.354.
    -विध a.
    1 mean, base, low.
    -2 wicked, vile.
    -3 poor, indigent; विदधाते रुचिगर्वदुर्विधम् N.2.23.
    -4 stupid, foolish, silly; विविनक्ति न बुद्धिदुर्विधः Śi.16.39.
    -विनयः misconduct, imprudence.
    -विनीत a.
    1 (a) badly educated, ill-mannered; ill-behaved, wicked; शासितरि दुर्विनीतानाम् Ś.1.24. (b) rude, naughty, mis- chievous.
    -2 stubborn, obstinate.
    (-तः) 1 a restive or untrained horse.
    -2 a wayward person, reprobate.
    -विपाक a. producing bad fruit; श्रितासि चन्दनभ्रान्त्या दुर्विपाकं विषद्रुमम् U.1.46.
    (-कः) 1 bad result or conse- quence; U.1.4; किं नो विधिरिह वचने$प्यक्षमो दुर्विपाकः Mv. 6.7.
    -2 evil consequences of acts done either in this or in a former birth.
    -विभाव्य a. inconceivable; also दुर्विभाव; असद्वृत्तेरहो वृत्तं दुर्विभावं विधेरिव Ki.11.56.
    -विमर्श a. difficult to be tried or examined; यो दुर्विमर्शपथया निजमाययेदं सृष्ट्वा गुणान्विभजते तदनुप्रविष्टः Bhāg.1.49.29.
    -विलसितम् a wayward act, rudeness, naughtiness; डिम्भस्य दुर्विलसितानि मुदे गुरूणाम् B. R.4.6.
    -विलासः a bad or evil turn of fate; U.1.
    -विवाहः a censurable marriage; इतरेषु तु शिष्टेषु नृशंसानृतवादिनः । जायन्ते दुर्विवाहेषु ब्रह्मधर्मद्विषः सुताः ॥ Ms.3.41.
    -विष a. ill-natured, malignant. (
    -षः) N. of Śiva.
    -विषह a. unbearable, intolerable, irresistible. (
    -हः) N. of Śiva.
    -वृत्त a.
    1 vile, wicked, ill-behaved.
    -2 roguish. (
    -त्तम्) misconduct, ill-behaviour. दुर्वृत्तवृत्तशमनं तव देवि शीलम् Devīmāhātmya.
    -वृत्तिः f.
    1 misconduct.
    -2 misery, want, distress.
    -3 fraud.
    -वृष्टिः f. insufficient rain, drought.
    -वेद a. difficult to be known or ascertained.
    -व्यवहारः a wrong judgment in law.
    -व्यवहृतिः f. ill-report or rumour.
    -व्यसनम् 1 a fond pursuit or resolve; Mu.3.
    -2 bad propensity, vice; तेन दुर्व्यसनेनासीद्भोजने$पि कदर्थना Ks.73.73.
    -व्रत a. not conforming to rules, disobedient.
    -हुतम् a badly offered sacrifice.
    -हृद् a. wicked-hearted, ill-disposed, inimical; अकुर्वतोर्वां शुश्रूषां क्लिष्टयोर्दुर्हृदा भृशम् Bhāg.1.45.9. (-m.) an enemy.
    -हृदय a. evil-minded, evil-intention- ed, wicked.
    -हृषीक a. having defective organs of sense.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > दुर् _dur

  • 10 LIGGJA

    * * *
    (ligg; lá, lágum; leginn), v.
    1) to lie (ör liggr þar úti á vegginum);
    liggja sjúkr, to lie sick (hann liggr sjúkr heima);
    þeir lágu í sárum, they lay ill of their wounds;
    2) to lie buried (hér liggr skáld);
    3) to lie at anchor (hann lagði til hafnar ok lá þþþþþþar um hríð);
    liggja veðrfastr, to lie weather-bound;
    4) to lie, be situated, of a place (þorp ok borgir, er lágu við ríki hans);
    5) to lie, go, lead, of a road (liggr gata til bœjarins);
    6) to be covered with ice, ice-bound (vetrar-ríki var á mikit ok lágu firðir allir);
    7) to lie with, have sexual intercourse with, = liggja hjá konu;
    8) with preps. and advs.:
    liggja á e-m, to lie heavy on, weigh upon, oppress (liggja á mér hugir stórra manna);
    liggja á hálsi e-m, to hang on one’s neck, blame one;
    liggja á e-m, to be fated to one (þat lá á konungi, at hann skyldi eigi lifa um tíu vetr);
    liggja á e-u, to attend, be connected with (á þessum ráðum liggja stórmeinbugir);
    to be urgent, of importance, pressing (A. kvað honum eigi á liggja þat at vita);
    liggr honum ekki á, it does not matter to him;
    liggja á úknyttum, to pursue wicked courses;
    liggja eptir, to be left undone (skal ekki eptir liggja þat, sem vér megum þeim veita);
    liggja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for;
    liggja fyrir, to be in store for, or open to, one;
    þœtti mér þat ráð fyrir liggja, at þú sendir menn, that the best thing would be to send men;
    liggja hjá e-rri, to lie with (lá ek hjá dóttur þinni);
    liggja í e-u, to stick or sink in (lágu hestarnir á kafi í snjónum);
    liggja í, to stick fast in mire or bog (liggr í hestrinn undir þeim);
    liggja í hernaði, víkingu, to be engaged in warfare;
    liggja niðri, to lie untold (nú skal þat eigi niðri liggja, er honum er þó mest vegsemd í);
    liggja saman, to be adjacent (lágu saman skógar þeirra Lopts);
    liggja til e-s, to belong to (naut ok sauðir, lá þat til Atleyjar);
    bœtr liggja til alls, there is atonement for every case;
    to be due or proper (þótti þat til liggja at taka af honum tignina);
    liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind;
    liggja til hafs, to lie ready for sea (lá biskup til hafs sex vikur);
    liggja um e-n, to lie in wait for;
    liggja um e-t, to be bent upon (hann liggr um þat nótt ok dag at veita yðr líflát);
    liggja undir e-n or e-m, to be subject to, belong to (þessi lönd liggja undir Danakonung);
    hlutr e-s liggr undir, one is worsted;
    liggja úti, to lie out, not in a house (sumir lágu úti á fjöllum með bú sín);
    liggja við, to lie at stake (líf mitt liggr við);
    þá muntu bezt gefast, er mest liggr við, when the need is greatest;
    e-m liggr við e-u, one is on the verge of;
    mörgum lá við bana, many lay at death’s door;
    lá við sjálft, at, ti was just on the point of.
    * * *
    pres. ligg, pl. liggja; pret. lá, 2nd pers. látt, mod. lást; subj. lægi; imperat. ligg and liggðú; part. leginn: [Ulf. ligan = κεισθαι; A. S. licgan; Chauc. to ligge; North. E. and Scot. to lig; Engl. to lie; Germ. liegen; Dan. ligge]:—to lie; ör liggr þar úti á vegginum, Nj. 115, Fas. i. 284; þeir vógu at honum liggjanda ok úvörum, 332; hann liggr á hauginum, Fb. i. 215; lá hann inni meðan þeir börðusk, Nj. 85; legsk hann niðr í runna nokkura ok liggr þar um stund, 132; Rafn lá í bekk, Sturl. i. 140; sveinar tveir er lengi höfðu úti legit á fjöllum, to lie out in the cold, Fms. ii. 98; sumir lágu úti á fjöllum með bú sín, lay out on the fells with their cattle, Sturl. iii. 75: of robbers, cp. úti-legu-maðr, an ‘outlying-man,’ outlaw; l. úti á fjöllum, Ld. 250: of freebooters, víkingar tveir, ok lágu úti bæði vetr ok sumar, Grett. 83; l. í hernaði, víkingu, to be out on a raid, Fs. 120, Eg. 1, Fms. xi. 44:—to lie, rest, þú skalt liggja í lopti hjá mér í nótt, Nj. 6; lágu þau þar tvau ein í loptinu, 7; þú skalt ríða um nætr en liggja ( but lie abed) um daga, 34; Gunnarr lá mjök langa hríð, 94; þeir lágu úti um nóttina, lay out by night, Fms. ix. 364: the phrase, liggja á gólfi, to lie on the floor, to lie in labour, Fb. ii. 263: of carnal intercourse, to lie with, hefir Guðrún dóttir mín legit hjá þér, Nj. 94; lá ek hjá dóttur þinni, 130: liggja með e-m, id., Grág. i. 128; hón hefir legit sekt í garð konungs, N. G. L. i. 358: with acc., liggja konu, stuprare, Gþl. 203, N. G. L. i. 20; at þú hafir legit dóttur Ísólfs, Lv. 78: of animals (rare), en veðrarnir ok bukkarnir lágu þær, Stj. 178:—to lie sick, hann liggr sjúkr heima at búð …, lá hann sjúkr um allt þingit, Nj. 80; Þórólfr ok Bárðr lágu í sárum, lay sick of their wounds, Eg. 34; Helga tók þá ok þyngd ok lá þó eigi, H. lay sick, but not bedridden, Ísl. ii. 274; ef griðmaðr liggr af verkum sínum, lies sick from his work, Grág. i. 154; ef hann liggr í helsótt, 201:—to lie, be buried, Björn liggr í Farmanns-haugi, Fms. i. 12; hér liggr skald, Fb. i. 215 (in a verse):—to lie at anchor, Bs. i. 713; þar lagði hann til hafnar ok lá þar um hríð, Fms. i. 145; lágu langskip konungs með endilöngum bryggjum, ix. 478; þeir lágu þar nokkura hríð undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; hann lá í Gautelfi austr, 122; þar lá fyrir í höfninni knörr einn mikill, Eg. 79; en er hann kom fyrir Elfina þá lágu þeir þar ok biðu nætr, 80; Haraldr konungr lá liði sínu út fyrir Hreinsléttu, Fms. i. 12; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind, 135; liggja til hafs, id., Bs. i. 66, Bjarn. 4, Gísl. 7, Landn. 223: l. veðr-fastr, to lie weather-bound:—lágu hvelpar í hundunum, they were big with whelps, Fms. xi. 10: l. í kafi, to sink deep; þá liggr í hestrinn undir þeim, sank in a quagmire, Fs. 65; Gregorius lá í ísinum, Fms. vii. 273; also, lágu hestarnir á (í) kafi, Eg. 546.
    II. to be covered with ice, ice-bound (cp. leggja); vötnin lágu öll, Fbr. 13; til Vigra-fjarðar, ok lá hann allr, Eb. 84 new Ed.; lágu allir firðir, 306.
    III. to lie idle, of capital; enda er heimting til fjárins, hversu lengi sem liggr, Grág. i. 209; enda liggr féit hér alldregi, 220; erfðir liggi sem áðr er skilt um, Gþl. 254; liggja úslegit, to lie unmown, Grág. ii. 284; láta sum orð liggja (to let them lie, leave out) þau er máli eigu at skipta, þat er ljúgvitni, i. 43; l. niðri, to lie down, lie dormant, lie untold, or the like, Fagrsk, 126, Nj. 88, Ó. H. 233, Grett. 192 new Ed.; opt má satt kyrt liggja, truth may often be left alone, a saying: liggja eptir, to be left behind, untold, Fms. viii. 4: spec. usages, liggja lauss fyrir, to lie loose, lie at one’s hand; fylg þú nú virðing þinni er þér liggr laus fyrir, Boll. 360; þótti eigi svá laust fyrir liggja sem þeir hugsuðu, Fms. viii. 357: liggja undir e-m (or e-n), of power, lands, to belong to; jörðu þeirri er legit hefir undir oss langfeðrum, Gþl. 296; þat er mikit ríki, ok liggr undir biskup í Skáni, Fms. xi. 231.
    IV. to take, hold, of a measure; vatns-ker þau er í lágu matskjólur tvennar, Hom. (St.): the phrase, liggja í miklu, litlu rúmi, to take a great, a little space, metaph. to think much, little of a thing, Ld. 210, Al. 152; liggja í léttu rúmi, to care little for: e-m liggja vel (ílla) orð til e-s, to speak well ( ill) of a thing or person, Konr.; honum lágu vel orð til hans, he spoke favourably of him.
    V. to lie, be situated, of a place, road, of direction; slá er lá um þvert skipit, Nj. 125; liggja saman garðar, Gísl. 10; liggr sá steinn þar enn, Eg. 142, Gm. 4, 12; þær (the Scilly Islands) liggja vestr í hafit fra Englandi, Fms. i. 145; at garði þeim sem liggr ofan eptir mýrinni, Dipl. v. 25; er sagt er at liggi sex dægra sigling í norðr frá Bretlandi, Landn. (begin.); en Finnmörk liggr fyrir ofan öll þessi lönd, Eg. 58; Ey liggr í Hitará, Bjarn. 22; eyin liggr við þjóðleið fyrir útan, Ó. H. 116; veiði-stöð sú liggr á Breiða-firði er Bjarneyjar heita, Ld. 38; þar liggr til hafs útver, lies on the sea-side, Ó. H. 149; veginn þann er um skóginn lá, Eg. 578; sem leið liggr, Eb. 306; liggr gata til bæjarins, Gísl. 28; en til góðs vinar liggja gagnvegir, Hm. 33; leiðin liggr fram með hálsinum, Eg. 582; tjaldstaði þá er þeim þóttu beztir, ok hæst lágu, Fms. vi. 135; þangat sem leiðin liggr lægra, Sturl. ii. 247: of the body, lá hátt tanngarðrinn, he had prominent teeth, Nj. 39: of the eyes, rauðlituð augu ok lágu fagrt ok fast, Fms. viii. 447; augu þau er liggja í ljósu líki, Kormak: ofarliga mun liggja ú-jafnaðr í þér, Grett. 135 new Ed.
    B. Metaph. usages, esp. with prepp.; liggja á, to lie heavy on, to weigh upon, and metaph. to oppress; liggja á mér hugir stórra manna, Fb. i. 258, Sks. 276; l. á hálsi e-m, to hang on one’s neck, blame, Fms. xi. 336: of a fine, þar liggr ekki fégjald á, ’tis not finable, K. Þ. K. 164: to be bewitched, lie under a spell, þat lá á konungi, at hann skyldi eigi lifa um tíu vetr, Fms. x. 220 (cp. leggja á e-n and á-lög): to pursue, liggja á úknyttum, to pursue wicked things, 172; liggja á úráði, Karl. 121: to be urgent, of importance, pressing, kvað honum eigi á liggja þat at vita, Grett. 37 new Ed.; eigi þykki mér á því liggja, segir Járnskjöldr, Fb. i. 259; mun þar stórt á liggja, ’tis a grave matter, Nj. 62; nú liggr honum ekki á ( it does not matter for him), þótt hann komi aldri til Íslands, Band. 10: mod., það liggr ekki á, it does not press, is not urgent; mér liggr á, it lies on me, is pressing for me: impers. to feel, be in spirits so and so, liggr vel á e-m, to be in good spirits; liggr ílla á e-m, to be in low spirits, the metaphor being taken from the pressure on the mind: leaving out the prep., lá honum þat ílla, it weighed heavily on hitn, Bs. i. 775:—liggja að, in the phrase, það lá að, that was just what was to be expected! an expression of dislike:—liggja fyrir e-m, to lie before one, of things to be done or to happen, of what is fated, doomed (see for-lög); þætti mér þat ráð fyrir liggja, faðir, at þú sendir menn, the best thing to be done would be to send men, Eg. 167; at þat mundi fyrir liggja at búask til orrostu, 283; en Bera kvað Egil vera víkings-efni, kvað þat mundu fyrir liggja, þegar hann hefði aldr til, 190: liggja fyrir e-m, to lie in one’s way, in ambush (cp. fyrirsát), Edda 148 (pref.), Eg. 240:—liggja um e-t, to lie in wait for, Fms. x. 287; l. um líf e-s, to seek one’s life, Stj. 550, Sks. 722:—liggja til, to be due to, deserved; þótti þat til liggja at taka af honum tignina, Eg. 271: to belong to, naut ok sauðir, lá þat til Atleyjar, 719: to fit to, til sumra meina liggr bruni (as a remedy), 655 xi. 28; bætr liggja til alls, there is atonement for every case, Fas. iii. 522; e-m liggr vel (ílla) orð til e-s, to speak well (or evil) of a person, Sturl. iii. 143:—liggja undir, to lie underneath, be worsted, of wrestling, Bárð. 166; fyrir hverjum liggr hlutr þinn undir, Eb. 156:—liggja við, to lie at slake; deildi … ok hafði einn þat er við lá, Ísl. ii. 215; en þeir köru at hætta til, er féfang lá við svá mikit, Eg. 57; skal þar liggja við mundrinn allr, Nj. 15; liggr þér nökkut við?—Líf mitt liggr við, segir hann, 116; þá muntú bezt gefask, er mest liggr við, when the need is greatest, 179; svá er ok at mikit liggr yðr þá við, 227; en mér liggr hér nú allt við, it is all important to me, 265; þótt ek vita at líf mitt liggi við, 115; lá við sjálft, at …, it was on the point of …, Al. 79: mod., það lá við, að …
    C. Reflex. to lay oneself down, lie down; þá er þat étr ok er fullt liggsk þat ok söfr (of cattle), Best. 58, cp. Gm.
    2. e-m liggsk e-t, to leave behind, forget; svínið lásk mér eptir, Skíða R. 185; legisk hefir mér nokkut í minni venju, ek gáða eigi at taka blezun af biskupi, Bs. i. 781: hence the mod. phrase, mér láðist ( I forgot) and mér hefir láðst, which is a corruption from mér lásk eptir; for lá mér eptir, read lásk mér eptir, I forgot, neglected (?), Skv. 1. 20; láskat þat dægr háski, it did not miss, did not fail, Arnór; láskat, be failed not, Bjarn. (in a verse).

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > LIGGJA

  • 11 estado

    m.
    1 state.
    estado de excepción o emergencia state of emergency
    estado de salud (state of) health
    estado de sitio state of siege
    estar en buen/mal estado to be in good/bad condition; (vehículo, terreno) to be fresh/off (alimento, bebida)
    en estado de alerta on (the) alert
    estar en estado (de esperanza o buena esperanza) to be expecting
    quedarse en estado to become pregnant
    estado anímico o de ánimo state of mind
    estado de bienestar welfare state
    estado civil marital status
    estado de cuentas statement of accounts
    2 state (gobierno).
    el estado the State
    3 state.
    estado policial police state
    estado satélite satellite (state)
    Estados Unidos de América United States of America
    4 status, standing.
    5 condition, shape.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: estar.
    * * *
    1 (situación) state, condition
    3 HISTORIA estate
    4 PLÍTICA state
    \
    estar en buen estado to be in good condition
    estar en estado to be pregnant
    estar en estado de funcionamiento to be in working order
    estar en mal estado to be in bad condition
    estado civil marital status
    estado de ánimo state of mind
    estado de bienestar welfare state
    estado de cuentas statement of accounts
    estado de excepción state of emergency
    estado de guerra state of war
    estado de salud state of health
    estado noble noble estate
    estado sólido solid state
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=situación)
    a) [de objeto, proceso] state

    ¿en qué estado se encuentran las relaciones entre los dos países? — what is the state of relations between the two countries?

    • estar en buen estado — [instalación, alimentos] to be in good condition

    • estar en mal estado — [instalación] to be in (a) poor condition, be in a bad state; [alimentos] to be off

    b) [de persona] condition

    estado de alarma, estado de alerta — state of alert

    estado de ánimo — [emocional] mood; [mental] state of mind

    estado de coma — coma, state of coma

    en este estado de cosas, lo mejor es convocar nuevas elecciones — given the state of affairs, the best thing to do is call another election

    ¿cuál es el estado de cosas ahora? — what's the state of play now?

    estado de emergencia, estado de excepción — state of emergency

    estado de gracia — [de creyente] state of grace; [de político, gobierno] honeymoon period; [de deportista] run of good form

    estado de la red — (Inform) volume of users

    estado de salud — condition, state of health

    2) (Fís) state
    3)

    • en estado (=embarazada) —

    • estar en estado de buena esperanza — to be expecting

    • en avanzado estado de gestación — heavily pregnant, in an advanced state of pregnancy

    • estar en estado interesante — hum to be expecting, be in the family way *

    4) (=nación) state

    los intereses del estado — national o state interests

    asuntos de estado — affairs of state, state affairs

    • hombre de estado — statesman

    estado asistencial, estado benefactor — welfare state

    estado del bienestar, estado de previsión — welfare state

    golpe 10)
    5) (=región) [en EE.UU., México, Brasil] state
    6) ( Hist) (=clase) estate

    • el estado eclesiástico — the clergy

    • estado llano, tercer estado — third estate, commoners pl

    7) (Mil)
    8) (Com, Econ) (=informe) report

    estado de contabilidad — Méx balance sheet

    estado de cuenta — bank statement, statement of account frm

    estado de cuentas — [de una empresa] statement of account

    * * *
    1)
    a) (situación, condición) state

    en avanzado estado de descomposición — (frml) in an advanced state of decomposition

    en estado de embriaguez — (frml) under the influence of alcohol

    tomar estado público — (RPl frml) to become public (knowledge)

    b) (Med) condition

    en avanzado estado de gestación — (frml) in an advanced state of pregnancy (frml)

    estar en estado — (euf) to be expecting (colloq)

    quedarse en estado — (euf) to get pregnant

    2) (nación, gobierno) state

    la seguridad del Estado — national o state security

    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) (situación, condición) state

    en avanzado estado de descomposición — (frml) in an advanced state of decomposition

    en estado de embriaguez — (frml) under the influence of alcohol

    tomar estado público — (RPl frml) to become public (knowledge)

    b) (Med) condition

    en avanzado estado de gestación — (frml) in an advanced state of pregnancy (frml)

    estar en estado — (euf) to be expecting (colloq)

    quedarse en estado — (euf) to get pregnant

    2) (nación, gobierno) state

    la seguridad del Estado — national o state security

    •
    * * *
    estado1
    1 = state, commonwealth.

    Ex: WLN (Western Library Network) is composed of libraries in the states of Washington and Alaska in the United states, and is expanding to cover other states and libraries in Canada.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Academic libraries: `towards commonwealth and coalitions'.
    * abogado del estado, abogado de la corona = Queen's Counsel (QC).
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * capital del estado = nation-state capital, state capital.
    * Capitolio del Estado = State Capitol.
    * condición de estado = statehood.
    * controlado por el estado = state-controlled.
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la C = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * de varios estados = multi-state [multistate].
    * empleado del estado = state employee.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].
    * estado árabe = Arab state.
    * estado de derecho = rule of law.
    * estado de hecho = rule of men.
    * estado del bienestar = welfare state.
    * estado isleño = island nation.
    * estado laico = secular state.
    * estado miembro = member government, member state.
    * estado nacional = nation state, national state.
    * estado niñera = nanny state.
    * estado paternalista = nanny state.
    * estados bálticos, los = Baltic States, the.
    * estado soberano = sovereign state.
    * Estados Unidos continental = continental United States, the.
    * Estados Unidos de América, los (EE.UU., los) = USA, the (United States of America, the).
    * Estados Unidos, los = US, US, the [U.S.], United States, the.
    * financiado por el estado = state-supported, state-funded.
    * golpe de estado = coup d'etat, putsch.
    * Guerra entre España y los Estados Unidos, la = Spanish-American War, the.
    * hombre de estado = statesman [statesmen, -pl.].
    * intento de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.
    * jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.
    * jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.
    * localizado en los Estados Unidos = US-based.
    * nación sin estado = stateless nation.
    * objeto de delito contra el estado = impeachable.
    * papá estado = nanny state.
    * poder del estado = state power.
    * propiedad del estado = state property.
    * región central de los Estados Unidos, la = American midwest, the.
    * regulado por el estado = state-regulated.
    * secretario de Estado = Secretary of State.
    * Secretario de Estado, el = State Secretary, the.
    * secreto de estado = state secret.
    * supervisado por el estado = state-regulated.
    * tentativa de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.
    * visita de estado = state visit.
    * zona de los tres estados = tristate area.

    estado2
    2 = stage, state, status, condition.

    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

    Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex: AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.
    Ex: He was laid upon the bed and upon examination his head was found in a terrible condition, swelled and bruised from the effect of sandbag blows.
    * alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.
    * base de datos en estado original = raw database.
    * buen estado físico = fitness, physical fitness.
    * datos en estado bruto = raw facts.
    * dejar a Alguien en estado = knock + Alguien + up.
    * el estado de las cosas = the lay of the land [the lie of the land, -UK].
    * en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.
    * en estado = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de alerta = on standby, on alert.
    * en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * en estado de descomposición = decaying.
    * en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de reserva = on standby.
    * en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.
    * en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.
    * en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en mal estado = in bad condition, in poor condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.
    * en perfecto estado = intact, in mint condition, in immaculate condition.
    * en su estado embrionario = in its embryonic stage.
    * en su estado natural = in the wild.
    * en tado de deterioro = dilapidated.
    * en un estado embrionario = in an embryonic stage.
    * estado actual = current state, present state.
    * estado anímico = state, mood.
    * estado civil = marital status.
    * estado de abandono = state of neglect.
    * estado de alerta = state of alert.
    * estado de amenaza terrorista = terror alert.
    * estado de ánimo = mood, state of mind, frame of mind, humour [humor, -USA].
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estado de confusión = state of confusion.
    * estado de emergencia = state of emergency.
    * estado de excepción = state of emergency, state of exception.
    * estado de inactividad = state of dormancy.
    * estado de la circulación = traffic conditions.
    * estado de la cuestión = state of the art.
    * estado del arte = state of the art.
    * estado de las artes = state of the arts.
    * estado de las carreteras = traffic report, road conditions.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estado del ordenador en línea = onlineness.
    * estado del tiempo = weather conditions.
    * estado de salud = state of health.
    * estado de trance = state of trance.
    * estado de una situación = state of being.
    * estado de vigilia = wakefulness.
    * estado físico = physical condition, physical shape, physical state.
    * estado híbrido = hybridity.
    * estado incompleto = incompleteness.
    * estado latente = latency, state of dormancy.
    * estado líquido = molten state.
    * estado molecular = molecular state.
    * estado natural = natural state.
    * estado sólido = solid state.
    * estado vegetativo = vegetative state.
    * estado vegetativo persistente = persistent vegetative state.
    * estar en estado = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de buena esperanza = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * física del estado sólido = solid state physics.
    * información en su estado primario = raw information.
    * informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.
    * informe sobre el estado de la nación = state of the nation report.
    * informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.
    * mal estado = disrepair, state of disrepair.
    * mal estado de salud = poor health.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mujer en estado = pregnant woman.
    * perfecto estado = intactness.
    * poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.
    * que conserva su estado natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].
    * quedarse en estado = become + pregnant, be up the spout.
    * sin información sobre el estado anterior = stateless.
    * volver Algo a su estado anterior = put + Nombre + back on track.

    * * *
    A
    1 (situación, condición) state
    el debate sobre el estado de la nación the debate on the state of the nation
    la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition
    las carreteras están en muy mal estado the roads are in very poor condition o in a very bad state
    la carne estaba en mal estado the meat was bad o ( BrE) off
    en avanzado estado de descomposición ( frml); in an advanced state of decomposition
    en estado de embriaguez ( frml); under the influence of alcohol
    tomar estado público ( RPl frml); to become public (knowledge)
    2 ( Med) condition
    su estado general es satisfactorio ( frml); his general condition is satisfactory
    en avanzado estado de gestación ( frml); in an advanced state of pregnancy ( frml), seven ( o eight etc) months pregnant
    no debería fumar en su estado she shouldn't smoke in her condition
    estar en estado ( euf); to be expecting ( colloq)
    estar en estado de buena esperanza ( hum); to be expecting a happy event ( euph)
    estar en estado interesante ( hum); to be expecting ( colloq)
    quedarse en estado ( euf); to get pregnant
    Compuestos:
    marital status
    state of alert
    state of mind
    coma
    estaba en estado de coma she was in a coma
    bank statement, statement of account
    ● estado de emergencia or excepción
    state of emergency
    state of grace
    state of war
    weather conditions
    state of maximum alert
    state of maximum security
    state of siege
    financial statement
    solid state
    B
    1 (nación) state
    la seguridad del Estado national o state security
    2 (gobierno) state
    un asunto de estado a state matter
    el Estado the State
    3 ( Hist) (estamento) estate
    el primer/segundo/tercer estado the first/second/third estate
    Compuestos:
    welfare state
    city-state
    welfare state
    el estado llano the commonalty, the commons (pl)
    ( Mil) general staff
    police state
    sovereign state
    buffer state
    ( Pol); rogue state
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)

    estado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    estado    
    estar
    estado sustantivo masculino
    1


    estado de cuenta bank statement;
    estado de emergencia or excepción state of emergency;
    la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition
    b) (Med) condition;

    ◊ estar en estado (euf) to be expecting (colloq);

    quedarse en estado (euf) to get pregnant
    c)


    2 (nación, gobierno) state;
    ◊ la seguridad del Eestado national o state security;

    estado de bienestar welfare state
    estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
    1

    ◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

    estás más gordo you've put on weight;
    estoy cansada I'm tired;
    está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
    ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
    b) ( con

    ◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
    ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    3 ( seguido de participios)

    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
    ver tb v aux 2
    4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
    (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);

    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
    estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
    estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
    está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en un lugar) to be;
    ◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

    está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
    solo estadoé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
    ¿cuánto tiempo estadoás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
    2 ( en el tiempo):
    ◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
    estamos en primavera it's spring
    3
    a) (tener como función, cometido):


    estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them


    4 (estar listo, terminado):

    lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
    enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
    5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):

    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    estado v aux
    1 ( con gerundio):

    estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    2 ( con participio):

    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
    ver tb estar cópula 3
    estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
    ◊ ¿no te puedes estado quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

    estese tranquilo don't worry
    estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
    estado sustantivo masculino
    1 Pol state
    estado de bienestar, welfare state
    2 (circunstancia, situación) state, condition: este abrigo está en un estado lamentable, this coat is in a terrible state
    no puedes conducir en ese estado, you can't drive in that condition
    estado de ánimo/ excepción/guerra/sitio, state of mind/emergency/ war/siege
    estado civil, marital status
    Mil Estado Mayor, staff
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en estado (de buena esperanza), to be expecting
    abogado del Estado, legal representative of the State
    razón de Estado, reason of State
    estar verbo intransitivo
    1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
    ¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
    no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
    estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
    su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
    2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
    estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
    quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
    3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
    está dormido, he's asleep
    está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
    (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
    estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
    (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
    está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
    4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
    5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
    estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
    (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
    están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
    (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
    ♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
    estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
    estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
    estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
    estar al caer, to be just round the corner
    estar en baja, to be waning
    estar en todo, to be on top of everything
    estaría bueno, whatever next
    ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
    ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
    está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
    estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
    me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
    ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
    ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
    esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
    cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
    ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
    estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
    estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
    ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
    familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
    ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
    estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
    El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.

    ' estado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - aconfesional
    - amiguete
    - animada
    - animado
    - anímica
    - anímico
    - ánimo
    - aparato
    - atonía
    - bajón
    - barra
    - bienestar
    - BOE
    - boletín
    - bonanza
    - bono
    - bregar
    - con
    - condición
    - coño
    - dejar
    - deplorable
    - desocupación
    - deterioro
    - día
    - dormitar
    - estribar
    - fiscal
    - fragmentaria
    - fragmentario
    - ir
    - golpe
    - gravedad
    - hombre
    - jefa
    - jefatura
    - jefe
    - lamentable
    - licitar
    - mentar
    - mira
    - notar
    - penosa
    - penoso
    - permanecer
    - permanencia
    - primitiva
    - primitivo
    English:
    abject
    - absent
    - act up
    - agitation
    - almost
    - Attorney General
    - bad
    - bad-tempered
    - be
    - blissful
    - budget
    - canvass
    - chancellor
    - check up on
    - club
    - combine
    - comfortable
    - condition
    - conscious
    - consciousness
    - coup
    - crown
    - decaying
    - deliberate
    - delusion
    - denunciation
    - disease
    - disheveled
    - dishevelled
    - disrepair
    - doldrums
    - ever
    - evident
    - fall
    - fitness
    - fixture
    - frame of mind
    - gilt-edged
    - he's
    - head
    - herself
    - himself
    - incompleteness
    - intermittent
    - intoxicated
    - limbo
    - maintain
    - marital status
    - marriage
    - mind
    * * *
    estado nm
    1. [situación, condición] state;
    su estado es grave his condition is serious;
    me lo encontré en un estado penoso I found him in a pitiful state;
    estar en buen/mal estado [vehículo, terreno, edificio] to be in good/bad condition;
    [alimento, bebida] to be fresh/Br off o US spoiled;
    la moqueta se halla en muy mal estado the carpet is in very bad condition;
    en estado de alerta on (the) alert;
    estar en estado (de buena esperanza) to be expecting, to be in the family way;
    quedarse en estado to become pregnant;
    estar en estado de merecer to be marriageable
    estado de ánimo state of mind, mood;
    estado de bienestar welfare state;
    estado civil marital status;
    estado de coma: [m5] en estado de coma in a coma;
    estado de cuentas statement of accounts;
    estado de emergencia state of emergency;
    estado de equilibrio state of equilibrium;
    estado estacionario [de enfermo] stable condition;
    estado de excepción state of emergency;
    estado de gracia [de santo] state of grace;
    estar en estado de gracia [deportista] to be on excellent form;
    estado de reposo: [m5] en estado de reposo at rest;
    estado de salud (state of) health;
    estado de sitio state of siege;
    estado vegetativo vegetative state;
    estado vegetativo permanente persistent vegetative state
    2. Fís state;
    un cuerpo en estado sólido/líquido/gaseoso a body in a solid/liquid/gaseous state
    estado cristalino crystalline state
    3. [gobierno] state;
    temas de estado affairs of state;
    un hombre de estado a statesman;
    el Estado [el gobierno, la administración] the State;
    asuntos que atañen a la seguridad del Estado matters relating to state security;
    el Estado de las Autonomías = the organization of the Spanish state into autonomous regions with varying degrees of devolved power
    4. [país, división territorial] state;
    un estado independiente an independent state;
    un estado de derecho a state which is subject to the rule of law
    estado policial police state;
    Estados Unidos (de América) United States (of America);
    Estados Unidos Mexicanos United Mexican States
    5. Mil Estado Mayor general staff
    6. Hist [estamento] estate
    Hist los Estados Generales the Estates General;
    el estado llano the third estate, the common people
    * * *
    m
    1 state
    2 MED condition;
    en buen/mal estado in good/bad condition
    3
    :
    el Estado the State
    * * *
    estado nm
    1) : state
    2) : status
    estado civil: marital status
    3) condición: condition
    * * *
    1. (en general) state
    2. (condición) condition

    Spanish-English dictionary > estado

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